Oxygen Supply and Analysis Oxygen supply and Cardiac Output Oxygen supply is determined by the hearts ability circulate blood, oxygen content present in blood, and the capacity of blood to transport oxygen (Gillespie, 2012). Cardiac output is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume, where stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each contraction (Gillespie, 2012). Preload, afterload, and contractility all affect cardiac output (Gillespie, 2012). Preload. Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (Gillespie, 2012). Total circulating volume, venous blood return, and ventricular compliance affect preload (Gillespie, 2012). Patient 1 has a decreased preload as he is bleeding profusely …show more content…
SaO2 reflects arterial oxygen saturation which is determined by the concentration of oxygen inspired, capacity to ventilate, and effectiveness of alveolar gas exchange (Gillespie, 2012). Normal Sa02 range is 95-100%. His SaO2 is 88% on RA which would indicate that the concentration of oxygen is low. We do not have enough much information so it is difficult to say what other factors may be affecting his arterial oxygen saturation and …show more content…
The movement of air into and out of lungs is known as ventilation (Gillespie, 2012). Factors that impact ventilation include muscle function, lung compliance, and air way resistance (Gillespie, 2012). Secretions in the lungs decrease compliance and increase resistance (Gillespie, 2012). He has a high RR of 32 indicating that increased work of breathing and poor ventilation. We would further assess use of accessory muscle indicating an increased work of breathing, presence of secretions which would decrease lung compliance and increase resistance (Gillespie, 2012). His overall tidal volume and vital capacity should be decreased due to a high RR. Having a problem with ventilation can result in a decreases SaO2 and therefore would decreases oxygen supply to organs and tissues (Gillespie, 2012). Alveolar gas exchange. We do not have too much information therefore cannot conclude if he has a V/Q mismatch. He however he has a SaO2 of 88% and therefore we would apply supplemental oxygen to increase the driving force of oxygen. We would further assess for pneumonia, his history eg asthma, preload and cardiac output, which would all result in a V/Q
R.S.’s clinical findings as a consequence of his chronic bronchitis are likely to include: being overweight, experiencing shortness of breath on exertion, producing excessive amount of sputum, having a chronic productive cough, as well as edema and hypervolemia just to name a few. (Copstead & Banasik, 548) Some of these signs and symptoms would be different if R.S. had emphysematous COPD. In emphysema (or “pink puffers”), there is weight loss, the cough is absent or negligible, and edema is not present. While central cyanosis and jugular vein distention are present in late chronic bronchitis, these pathologic manifestations are absent in emphysema. . (Copstead & Banasik, 549)
No, it is abnormal. The normal range is ( 16 – 20 ) Yes, this patient is well oxygenated because she is on 100 %
The Mayo Clinic’s book on High Blood Pressure was full of detailed facts about blood pressure and what it is. This is extremely significant to the experiment because blood pressure is one of the variables being tested. Understanding blood pressure is one of the key components to receiving accurate results from this experiment. Most of the book is on high blood pressure, which is not necessary for the experiment, but the book still had plenty of useful information about blood pressure itself. The book explains that when the heart beats, a surge of blood is released from the left ventricle. It also tells of how arteries are blood vessels that move nutrients and oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s tissues. The aorta, or the largest artery in the heart, is connected to the left ventricle and is the main place for blood to leave the heart as the aorta branches off into many different smaller
Vitals signs: BP 90/60, HR(heart rate) 90-100, RR(respiratory rate) 22, Temp: 100.2 F, Oxygen Saturation: 98%
The two measurable components in the blood pressure equation are the systolic and diastolic pressures. They are writt...
First, is the inability of the heart to maintain adequate cardiac output to support full functions; and second, is the recruitment of implements planned to maintain the cardiac reserve. Preload represents the stiffing that exists in the walls of the heart as an outcome of diastolic filling. Afterload represents the force to contract the heart, which must produce to eject blood from the filled atriums. Contractility is the ability of the contractile fundamentals of the heart muscle to interact and shorten against a load. Overall cardiac output is the amount of blood that the heart pumps each minute.
complications from cardiac preload are acute pulmonary edema that is life-threatening which leads to a very
An Arterial Blood Gas Analysis (ABGA) measures the oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide concentrations in blood, which indicates, how efficiently the lungs are distributing the carbon dioxide and oxygen to and from blood. (Medical Dictionary. 2003). It is an invasive machine that takes a small sample of blood from an artery and measures the oxygen levels using two electrodes; these electrodes produce an electric current after the oxygen has flown between them and through a membrane. The current produced is proportional to the volume of oxygen in the blood. However it is the pH levels of blood that measures the carbon dioxide concentrations.
Shoemark, A., Ozerovitch, L. and Wilson, R. 2007. Aetiology in adult patients with bronchiectasis. Epub, 101 (6), pp. 1163-70.
Person, A. & Mintz, M., (2006), Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract, Disorders of the Respiratory Tract, pp. 11-17, New Jersey: Human Press Inc.
My patient is male, age 49 and was admitted because of pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs (Ross - Kerr, 2014).
...iovascular system sedentary periods become even easier for the heart by comparison. The heart eventually becomes more efficient, and no longer needs to beat as quickly to supply the body with blood while at rest. Stroke volume increases at rest. Resting heart rate is able to slow down because the heart is now trained to pump a larger quantity of blood with every beat. Improved circulation. In response to the need to supply the muscles with more oxygen during exercise, the body increases its number of capillaries, the smallest blood vessels in the body. Existing capillaries also open wider. Blood pressure decreases by up to 10 mmHg. An mmHg is a unit used for measuring pressure levels. Blood volume increases. The body produces a greater number of red blood cells in order to keep the muscles supplied with oxygen during heavy exercise (Fitness Health & Wellness, 2010).
During each heartbeat, the heart muscle contracts to push blood around the body. When the left ventricle contracts blood is forced into the aorta and its branches become under pressure. This pressure provides the driving force that makes blood flow through arteries. There are two type of pressure. Systolic blood pressure is the blood pressure when the heart is contracting; normal rate of systolic blood pressure is about 120 mmHg. Diastolic blood pressure is the blood pressure when the heart is relaxing; normal rate of diastolic pressure is about 80 mmHg (Smith, 2003). In addition, the walls of the arteries contain muscle and elastic fibers. Each time that the heart beats and discharges blood into the arterial system, these fibers stretch to accommoda...
A reduction or lack of oxygen and/or buildup of waste leads to demise. For this reason, gas exchange is critical. Gas exchange is compromised when there is impairment of ventilation, altered transport of oxygen, or inadequate perfusion. Impaired ventilation may occur in conditions such as inadequate muscle or nerve function to move air into the lungs, such as cervical spinal cord injury; narrowed airways from bronchoconstriction like in asthma, or from obstruction like in chronic bronchitis; poor gas diffusion in the alveoli, such as pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome or pneumonia. Altered transport of oxygen occurs when sufficient red blood cell are not available to carry oxygen, like in anemia. Inadequate perfusion develops when cardiac output is reduced, like in myocardial infarction (Giddens page 164). Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, aspiration, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), bronchiolitis, croup, tracheal esophageal fistula are the exemplars of gas
Patient will display adequate gas exchange as evidence by SaO2 values and respiratory rate consistent with baseline.