Hybridization, in summary and in simple explanation, is the combination and transformation of an atom’s original orbitals forming special orbitals to have the ability to bond with others. When an atom experiences and goes through the process of hybridizing, the electron model is modified to depict it using special orbitals to form new molecules. Since it is already known that only valence electrons are used in atom or molecule bonding, only outside, valence orbitals change. Therefore, hybridization does not add or remove any original orbitals associated with an atom but only refigures them. There are five types of atom hybridization: sp, sp2, sp3, dsp3, and d2sp3. Each type has it’s own different number of groups, which are also known as electron pairs, bond angle, and geometry.
The first type of atom hybridization is sp. In sp hybridization, one pair of orbitals arranged in opposite directions from each other is needed for two electron pairs in an atom. One example of where sp hybridization most commonly occurs in is the carbon atom in carbon dioxide, which contains one carbon and two oxygens. The two special orbitals transformed are s and p. Rather than having the original three 2p and one 2s orbitals, the carbon atom in carbon dioxide now has two 2p and two sp. Both a hybridized and normal carbon atom have the same number of orbitals, only they are altered to bond more efficiently with the two oxygens. The bond angle in sp hybridization is 180 degrees because the two newly formed sp orbitals are in a straight line and right across from each other. The geometry is linear for the same reason. Another example of sp orbital hybridization occurs in an atom of magnesium hydride, where the 3s and one of the 3p original orbitals co...
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... efficient, and specially made orbitals rather than leaving it with its original orbitals. This, in return, provides us with stronger molecules to be able to use in everyday necessities like plastic and gas. If it weren’t for hybridization in atoms, we might not have some of the things we take for granted. We ought to thank atoms and hybridization for working so hard to be better.
Works Cited
Steven S. Zumdahl and Susan A. Zumdahl (2010). Chemistry. Belmont, CA: Brooks Cole
Richard F. Daley and Sally J. Daley (2005). Organic Chemistry. New York, NY: HarperCollins
Francis, E. (2003) Types of Hybridization. Dl.clackamas.cc.or.u.s. Retrieved November, 17, 2013, from dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-02/typesof.htm
Harpreet, C. Hybrid Orbitals. Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2013, from chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Hybrid_Orbitals
In "Energy Story" uses an explanation of atoms and tells us the parts of an atom and its structure. In the text it
In the reaction conducted in this experiment, three mechanisms were possible: Anti Addition, Syn Addition, and Anti and Syn Addition. Addition mechanisms involve removing a double bond between two adjacent carbons and adding one nucleophile (bromine in this case) to each of the carbons. Anti Addition results in a product in which the two bromines are anti-periplanar (or trans) to one another. Syn Addition results in a product in which the two bromines are syn-periplanar (or cis) to one another. Anti and
Show your understanding of the structure of nucleic acids by describing the similarities and differences between DNA, mRNA and tRNA. Your descriptions should include drawings with labels of the nucleotide structures and the overall structures of each where applicable.
- Breaks large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bonding.
The synthesis scheme of cisplatin is deeply related to the trans effect. Chernyaev introduced the trans effect in platinum chemistry9. The theory is based on empirical observation that the rate of substitution of a ligand in a square planar complex is dependent on the group opposite (or trans) to it8. The trans effect can be explained by two factors: sigma-bonding effect and pi-bonding effect.
Fully describes the crystallochemical relationships between the structures and the temperature dependence of polymorphism. )
There are Sn1 and Sn2 substitution reactions. Sn1 reactions are unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions that are of the first order, whereas Sn2 reactions are bimolecular nucleophilic substitution of the second order.1 Molecules that contribute to a substitution reaction are called an ‘electrophile’ which contains the ‘leaving group’ which is the substituted group. It also contains a
One carbon atom can bond to another, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are unlimited in length. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with other carbon atoms. They can even close up on each other to form rings.
Inside the cells that produce sperm and eggs, chromosomes become paired. While they are pressed together, the chromosomes may break, and each may swap a portion of its genetic material for the matching portion from its mate. This form of recombination is called crossing-over. When the chromosomes glue themselves back together and separate, each has picked up new genetic material from the other. The constellation of physical characteristics it determines is now different than before crossing-over.
Hybridization is commonly defined as the interbreeding of genetically differentiated populations, where the gene flow between the two species has been reestablished. This process is more likely to happen in recently diverged populations that have a secondary contact, in which the isolation barrier has been removed. Hybridization can lead to a variety of evolutionary outcomes, depending on the fitness of the hybrids relative to the parental forms. Some of them will be beneficial, such as the effects of maintaining or increasing diversity through stable hybrid zones, the rescue of small inbred populations, the origin and transfer of adaptations, the reinforcement of reproductive isolation, and the formation of new hybrid lineages (Todesco, 2016). In the other hand, hybridization can also reduce diversity through the breakdown of reproductive barriers, leading to the merger of previously distinctive evolutionary lineages, and the extinction of populations or species.
Covalent bond is the strongest of bonds and it happens when two atoms share the same electrons. An example of this would be H2.
One of these classes is DNA binding agents. They form a covalent bond with the DNA or stick to it noncovalently very tightly. A covalent bond is a chemical bond. It involves sharing of electron pairs in the middle of atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding
The DNA and RNA molecules, which carries the genetic code, they are the two types of genetic codes, but RNA is often found in virus and bacteria cells, and the DNA into plants and animals. Both of them have the same structure that is, the helix. The helix needs some element to fit/fix on the helix system, and the only one that fits/fixes into that kind of system is the carbon. This is why the carbon is present in many of the process, because the carbon has certain characteristics that makes it different from other chemical elements, some of the characteristics of this element are that carbon is tetravalent which means that the atomic number of carbon is 6 and its electronic configuration has two electrons in the K shell and four electrons in the layer L. thereby having four electrons in its last electron shell. The carbon shares the electrons with four other atoms, so that they complete the octet, reaching a stable configuration. Are formed, thereby four covalent bonds. Was recognized in 1858, by Kekule that carbon in a tetravalent
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/
Elimination reactions are one of many different types of reactions, yet elimination reactions are one of the most common practices to create carbon-carbon π-bonds. Dehydrohalogenation is an example of functional group transformation. In the case of alkyl halides they are transformed into alkenes through dehydrohalogenation (1). The general mechanism for dehydrohalogenation elimination reactions when a strong base is used can be written as: