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Mental Health In Children Essays
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Mental Health In Children Essays
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Diagnosis and Treatment
This paper was designed to address the diagnostic similarities and differences between Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) as described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (2013), as well as treatment options for children that have been diagnosed with either of these behavioral disorders. Also included is information regarding differential diagnoses for ODD and CD, cultural implications, and general considerations to keep in mind when working with children that have either disorder. This paper does not exhaust all the treatment options, or all the research regarding ODD or CD, but rather provides a general overview of the most often methods for treatment, and those that the author found most interesting.
Diagnostic Criteria
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a disorder that affects children and adolescents, featuring such diagnostic criteria as frequent exhibition of irritability, argumentative behavior, and spite. Children usually begin to exhibit symptoms between years 5-9, though it rarely begins to develop in the adolescent years. It is highly comorbid with Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), depression and anxiety disorders, and appears to affect males more often than females, though by a slight margin. This particular disorder affects approximately 3.3% of the population and is consist across cultures and ethnicities, though the diagnostic criteria may change somewhat in other countries (APA, 2013).
An individual is diagnosed with Conduct Disorder (CD) when he/she exhibits a frequent pattern of behavior that violates the “basic right of others” (APA, 2013) or important societal norms without regard. These behaviors are classified ...
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...ers (2nd ed., pp. 111–210). New York: Guilford Press.
Mpofu, E., & Crystal, R. (2001). Conduct disorder in children: Challenges, and prospective cognitive behavioural treatments. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 14(1), 21-32.
Nixon, R. D., Sweeney, L., Erickson, D. B., & Touyz, S. W. (2003). Parent-Child interaction therapy: A comparison of standard and abbreviated treatments for oppositional defiant preschoolers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 251-260.
Rowe, R., Costello, E. J., Angold, A., Copeland, W. E., & Maughan, B. (2010). Developmental pathways in Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(4), 726-738.
Seligman, L. & Reichenberg, L. W. (2011). Selecting effective treatments: A comprehensive systematic guide to treating mental disorders. (4th ed.) San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
...ohol, John M. Psy. D. “Depression Treatment: Psychotherapy, Medication or Both?” Psych Central. N.p. (2008). Web. 17 Nov. 2013
The hallmark of Conduct Disorder (CD) is an obvious and careless apathy for the rules, the rights, the emotions, and the personal territory of others. Aggression, deceitfulness, duress, and power over others are enjoyable to a child with CD. Children with CD pick fights, trespass, lie, cheat, steal, vandalize, display abusive behaviors, and, for older children, perpetrate unwanted sexual advances. The display of signs in younger children can be: ruthless bullying, lying for the purpose of lying, and stealing of useless things.
The disorder is marked by a persistent pattern of disregard for the rights of others. This, in addition to the repeated violation of others’ rights, is able to be traced back to childhood or early adolescence and continues to be evidenced in adulthood. The diagnostic criteria are as follows. There must be evidence of at least three of the following occurring since the age of 15...
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a relatively new behavioral therapy method for children with severe behavior issues (Niec, 2005). It was developed in 1988 by Sheila Eyberg (Duffy, 2009). Although there are many child therapies that focus on increasing prosocial behaviors and eliminating asocial behaviors, PCIT is unique in that it focuses on developing mutual parent and child skills in the relationship—both must work diligently for the desire outcome(s). There are 8 to 12 total sessions and recommended booster sessions after at one month, three month, six month, and one year intervals. The therapy focuses on play therapy and disciplinary sessions with the parent and child together (Saunders, 1997). The therapist will coach the parent
Conduct Disorder (CD) appears to be linked with substance abuse disorders (SUD) among adolescents when compared to other mental disorders within this population. There is a strong correlation between childhood diagnosis of CD because of environmental and genetic factors and is more common among boys than girls when there is a positive parental history of SUD. Pagliaro & Pagliaro (2012) have indicated that a dual diagnosis involving CD may be mediated among adolescents with childhood A-D/HD by the factor of deviant peer affiliation and co-morbidity of CD or of ODD is at an increased risk for developing a peer-mediated SUD during adolescence.
According to the DSM-IV, if a child's problem behaviors do not meet the criteria for Conduct Disorder, but involve a pattern of defiant, angry, antagonistic, hostile, irritable, or vindictive behavior, Oppositional Defiant Disorder may be diagnosed. These children may blame others for their problems.
Childhood Disruptive Behaviors Early Childhood Children at this stage (aged 4 to 8) understand the world by perceiving it, being influenced by it, and acting on it. In turn, the surrounding world shapes the child. This demonstrates the role of nurture within the child’s environment, as well as its role in developing behavior patterns. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that behavior patterns and personality are established during the early formative years. Research suggests that, when children come from unhealthy backgrounds, such as dysfunctional, abusive homes, they are much less likely to develop adequately physically, academically, and emotionally.
First, Anti Social Personality Disorder is a mental condition that can cause a person to think and behave in a destructive manner. “Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a pattern of socially irresponsible, exploitative, and guiltless behavior. ASPD is associated with co-occurring mental health and addictive disorders and medical comorbidity.” (Black, 2015) People with ASPD have a habit of antagonizing and manipulating others but also have no awareness for what is right and what is wrong. One tends to disregard the feelings and wishes of others. “ASPD typically begins during childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.” (Kivi, 2012) ASPD usually is noticed around 8 years old, but it is categorized as a conduct disorder. Though children can be treated in what doctors may think is ASPD, children will not be completely diagnosed with the title of ASPD until at least 18 years of age. In time those with ASPD behavior usually end up turning criminal.
Nelson-Gray, Rosemery O. "Treatment Utility Of Psychological Assessment." Psychological Assessment 15.4 (2003): 521-531. PsycARTICLES. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.
Conduct Disorder has been a part of the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manuel (DSM) since its original release date in 1994. Although, there is new information about the disorder that was previously unknown, Conduct Disorder is distinguished by a “repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms or rules are violated” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) This mild, moderate, or severe antisocial behavior begins to appear either in childhood, categorized as early-onset conduct disorder , or in adolescence after ten years of age, classified as adolescent-onset conduct disorder (Passamonti et al., 2010.) The criteria to meet to be diagnosed with this disorder are separated into four subgroups: aggressive conduct, nonaggressive conduct, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of the rules. Three or more incidents must be present in the past twelve months with at least one of the characteristics being present in the past six months. This disorder causes severe impairment of functioning across a variety of situations so it is important to keep in mind society and individual situations because this diagnosis may be “misapplied to individuals in settings where patterns of undesirable behavior are sometimes viewed as protective” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) For example, a patient that has recently relocated from a war torn country would most likely not be a candidate for Conduct disorder even though he or she may exhibit some of the characteristics.
I have decided to research the development of antisocial personality disorders due to the quality of early childhood care and early childhood experiences. Antisocial personality disorder is described generally as disregard for others. Diagnosing ASPD involves features such as delinquency, physical assaults, deceitfulness and lying, impulsivity, and irresponsibility. This topic appealed to me because my step sister goes to see a therapist and they have reason to believe that she may have an antisocial or borderline personality disorder. While I won’t divulge, she has had many traumatic childhood experiences and had quite the rough upbringing with her parents. This led me to be interested in this article and to find out more about the connections between the two phenomena.
Kaut, K. P., & Dickinson, J.A. (2007). The mental health practitioner and psychopharmacology. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 29(3), 204–225.
Kahn, Ada P., and Jan Fawcett. The Encyclopedia of Mental Health. 2nd ed. New York: Facts On File, 2001.
West’s passion towards the disregards of normal social behavior and exaggeration of self-appraisal is possibly derived from the fusion of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) label both APD and NPD as personality disorders. The American Psychiatric Association describes personality disorders (PD) as the association in how an individual thinks and feels about oneself and others that significantly and adversely affect how an individual function in many aspects of life (APA, 2013). The Journal of Family Practice reports that PDs are common, affecting up to 15% of US adults associating with comorbid medical and psychiatric
Wedding, D., & Corsini, R. J. (Eds.). (2014). Current psychotherapies (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage