Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Simple differences between classical and operant conditioning
Simple differences between classical and operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Assignment 2: Types of Learning Classical Conditioning: Explain and provide an example of classical conditioning. Describe the 4 elements. Why is this type of learning useful? About 10 lines. - An example of classical conditioning would be phobias. Mainly because phobias can be caused by classical conditioning. - The Four elements of classical conditioning are: 1. (US) Unconditioned Stimulus: a stimulus that can induce a reaction without the subject experiencing any preceding lessons or training. 2. (UR) Unconditioned Response: a reaction that occurs naturally without the modification to the behavior of the subject. 3. (CS) Conditioned Stimulus: a conditioned response caused by a formerly neutral stimulus that after having been associated …show more content…
Operant: Explain and provide an example of operant conditioning. Why is this type of learning useful? About 10 lines. - Operant conditioning is the form of learning associated with changes in an individuals behavior due to consequences of the behavior. - An example of operant conditioning would be telling a child that if they aren't home by the time their parents tell them to be, that they'll be given a curfew to curb their lateness or grounded. (Long-term) A mother suggests to her son that if he doesn't wash his face on a regular basis after sweating, that it could possibly lead to acne later on in life. Or in examples where in which the consequences could be life threatening (i.e. instructing a child not to stick metal objects, such as a paper clip or fork in an electrical outlet). - This type of learning is useful because it helps condition the individual into understanding the concepts of right and wrong, and other values: behaviors such as positive (acceptable), and negative (unacceptable) especially in social situations; or behavior more personal in
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
The two main forms of conditioning, are classical conditioning (learning by association), and operant condition (learning from consequences).Classical conditioning, is the learning process in which one is conditioned (learns) to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were a meaningful stimulus. In operant conditioning, learning occurs through associations made between a behavior and the consequence that follows.
This video demonstrates one of the two types of associative learning: Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning. This is a method of learning that occurs through the association made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. The subject can either be rewarded or punished for its behavior. The subject is more prone to repeat the actions that are followed by desirable outcomes than the ones with undesirable ones.
Watson and B.F. Skinner (Hutchison, 2011). Operant conditioning saw behavior as a product of positive and negative reinforcements. Behavior is learned and either acted out more frequently through rewards (positive reinforcements), that it receives, or weakened by punishments (negative reinforcements) which is a penalty of the behavior (Hutchison, 2011). According to Mae Sincero, behavior could also be learned “…indirectly (through observational learning)” (Mae Sincero, 2012). “Other examples of observational learning include: modeling, imitation, vicarious learning, identification, copying, social facilitation, contagion, androle play” (Bustamante, Howe-Tennant, & Ramo, 1996). This approach looked at the aftermath of the conduct as the structure for establishing behavior (Hutchison, 2011). An example of Operant Conditioning is, if every time the child cleans his room, his dad gives him ice cream. The child will continue to clean his room in order to keep receiving the ice cream. If every time, the child does not clean his room he gets a spanking. That will result, in the child started to clean his room because he does not want to be spanked. An example of observational learning would be a young teenage girl getting her belly pierced because she watched all her friends get a belly
Operant conditioning, is a type of learning in which the behavior has consequences. Skinner was influenced a lot by Watson’s behavioristic theories, but Skinner believed that Watson's psychology proposed serious shortcomings (Sammons, p.1). Through the whole experiment with Little Albert since they had adverse effects long term for the infant. The way Skinner studied operant conditioning is by during experiments on animals which is called “Skinner Box” which studies animal behavior (McLeod, 2007). He believed that to change negative behavior reinforcement must be used. He identified three types of responses that
To begin, the classical Conditioning focuses on trying to create a new stimulus whenever the person hears or sees something. For example, everyone has emotional responses to certain situations which cannot
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).
II. The strengths of classical conditioning The strength of classical conditioning is that it can help to explain all aspects of human behavior. Any of behavior can broke down into stimulus-response association, so that according to the classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus will lead conditioned response to occur, then the scientist can observe and determine the behavior (McLeod, 2014). In the case of Pavlovian conditioning, he found that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) was presented to the dog, it would start to salivate.
Classical conditioning is a learning process of one associating a stimulus to another. Watson begin the process by getting a young participant, known as Little Albert, and expose him to particular objects to see if he will react to them in anyway. Albert was exposed to a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, and
Operant conditioning plays a large role in our everyday life. Throughout the history of time people has been using this same technique in order to function in every day society. Some people may use this to their advantage and others as a disadvantage. This type of conditioning can be used in a positive or negative way.
In operant conditioning, there is an association between an individual’s behavior and its consequence. A consequence can either be reinforcement or punishment (233). Positive and negative reinforcements will increase the behavior. When an individual is reinforced, they will continue to repeat the behavior to receive the reinforcement again. Punishment, on the other hand, will decrease the behavior. If an individual is punished after a particular behavior, they will behave that way less often to avoid the punishment.
Operant Conditioning- Another type of learning when voluntary responses are controlled by their outcome or consequence. So whatever you do in a scenario is already determined by the known outcome. An example would be a kid clowns around in class because he knows he will get attention and it is making him more popular. Another example would be that the parents of a kid give in to buying him a new toy, so he stops crying and complaining. Operant conditioning is pretty much why most people do things. You know if you go to work and do your job you will get paid and not fired. The reason why students go to school is because they know the outcome will be better grades and that leads to a degree. This is how most people think they know if they do something or don’t do something that they get a specific outcome. The way social situations work is with operant conditioning. Some people may act horribly to others because they know that their friend group likes it. This term controls your everyday thinking and
It consists of two types; classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning relies on a particular stimulus or signal, i.e. a family member walking into the kitchen because of the smell enticing them closer. Operant conditioning refers to the system of rewards and/or punishments in order to bring change in ones attitude. Dog trainers usually follow this type of conditioning when they treat the dog after he/she obeys an order.
Operant conditioning is a process in which behavior is modified by its consequences (Powell, Honey, & Symbaluk, 2013). In operant conditioning, learning is produced through rewards and punishments. Reoccurrence of a behavior is determined if rewards or punishments follow the behavior. There are four consequences produced by operant conditioning: positive and negative reinforcement; positive and negative punishment. A reinforcement is classified as something that increases behavior; A punishment is classified as something that decreases behavior. The addition of a stimulus is what makes a consequence positive and on the other hand, the removal of a stimulus is what makes a consequence negative (Powell et al., 2013).
This is selective reinforcement. Pavlov and his dogs were and excellent example of operant conditioning. Pavlov rang a bell when it was time for the dogs to eat; eventually the dogs associated the bell with food. Each time the bell rang the dogs salivated. On the other hand, N.Chomsky who was a nativist argued that children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD).