Onchocerciasis Case Studies

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Transmission

Onchocerciasis, is transmitted by several bites of an infected Simulium female black fly (CDC, 2013). As a result, from its bite microfilariae contribute to the pathogenesis of O. volvulus through immune response of human host(Sace, 2007). It is equally important, to mention the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia gene. It is found primarily in female microfilariae, has been identified as being the reason for inflammation within the immune system as well as, mast cell development(Andre, Blackwell, Hoerauf, et al, 2002). The transmission of the infection starts in 3 main stages, the first stage is when a person already infected with Onchocerciasis is bitten by a black fly. The microfilariae (MF) then develop inside the fly …show more content…

The most common symptoms generally; are skin rashes, nodules, lesions, intense itching, visual impairment and blindness, along with weight loss,hanging groin and elephantiasis of the gentials in women(Opperdoes, 2002).Depending upon the strain the person is infected with, plays a key role in where nodules may appear on the body. As a matter of fact, there are two different types, the African and the Central American strains, differ in regards to location of the nodules on the body in high frequency. For example the African strain most often appear on the bony areas of the body: pelvic area, chest,spine, and knees. Whereas, the Central American strain nodules are seen above the waist, primarily on the head and neck. The number of nodules a person have may very from 1 -100, they cause no pain, but may cause body disfigurement (Sace, 2008). Severe itching, caused by the dead or dying microfilariae leads to scratching that cause bacterial infection. If the skin is left untreated the skin becomes loose, atrophy and discolored(WHO, 2015). In regard to the eyes, early symptoms of ocular onchocerciasis may be itchy eyes and redness (Nettleman, 2013) Baby worms can live inside the human host for 3 - 5 years and the adult can live for 2 - 15 years (CDC, 2013). According, to Little et al discovered that 5% of people living in affected areas have died from O.volvulus, due to microfilariae overload (Udall, 2007). On the positive side, 96% of once affected regions is no longer susceptible to the infection, due to education and administration of ivermectin(Hopkins, 2013). All in all, blindness is the probably the biggest complication of onchocerciasis (Sace,

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