Throughout the ages civilization was always eager to learn more about space. They had a lot of questions. For instance if the earth was round or flat or if earth is the center of the universe. Astronomy is needed for many things, but to learn more about space you needed observatories. Observatories in the Islamic Golden Age were not how they are today - they were research institutions.
The first observatory in the world was built in 825 in Baghdad (Iraq). Many followed years later in cities like Istanbul (Turkey), Rayy (Iran), Samarkand (Uzbekistan)and Tabriz (Iran). But in these observatories they didn’t only research about astronomy. They worked on subjects like chemistry, physics and medicine.
There were many scholars over the years. Astronomers, Mathematicians even Sultans. Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf was the chief astronomer of the Ottoman Empire. In 1574 he was invited by Ottoman Sultan Murād III to build an observatory in Istanbul, it was to rival Ulugh Beg’s observatory in Samarkand. Construction was completed in 1577. About at the same the another observatory was comp...
The surest foundation for the origin of science in its practical form is to be found in the ìco–rdination and standardization of the knowledge of common sense and of industry.î[1] One of the first occurrences of this co–rdination can be traced back to 2500 BCE in the form of edicts from the ancient Babylonian rulers, who issued royal standards of length, weight and capacity. Non-Semitic Sumerians also laid down the elements of mathematics and geometry at that time, making use of fractions, decimals, circles and radial angles. But knowledge as we know it today was tightly woven with magical notions, and as both spread westward they instilled in European thought a reverence for ìspecial numbers, their connections to the gods and the application of geometrical diagrams to the prediction of the future.î[2] As well, the ancient Babylonians were fascinated by the heavens. They were the first to make a map of the stars and associate them with animals like the Ram, Crab and Scorpion, names that we still use to this day. They also realized the periodicity and reliability of astronomical movement and phenomena, and were soon able to predict many of them. Tablets have been found dating to the sixth century BCE that predicted the relative positions of the sun and moon, as well as forecasted the occurrences of eclipses.[3] Out of all this knowledge the Babylonians built up a fantastic system of astrology, through which the starsówhich were thought to fix and foretell the course of human affairsówould give up their secrets.
The early Islamic Empire expanded through many different ways. In document A it states, “the Muslim gathered together”. This talks about the battle of Yarmuk. 24,000 Muslims took part and 70,000 Greeks died. Muhammad and his followers help spread the religion which got them more followers. Document C states at first they established systems of stipends. Which were salary payments to warriors in Islamic armies. The empire expanded through treaty’s as well. Document B tells how if Adb al- Aziz stays sincere and fulfills his conditions set him, nothing will happen to him or his people.
A great astronomer, King Nezahualpilli used his position as king to find others with similar knowledge to work on the tribe’s calendar (Document 4). Document 6 shows the several studies in religion which were carried through by priests and the philosophers that wrote the books of science to educate others about their discoveries. Document 2 describes the determination and will of warriors to fight to prove their own bravery and courage.
cities building and paved roads and society made others want to come their to continue
The Islamic Empire contributed to globalization during the Islamic Golden Age, when the knowledge, trade and economies from many previously isolated regions and civilizations began integrating through contacts with Muslim (and Jewish Radhanite) explorers and traders. Their trade networks extended from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Indian Ocean and China Sea in the east. These trade networks helped establish the Islamic Empire as the world’s leading extensive economic power throughout the 7th–13th centuries.
For example Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler were involved in a science called astronomy. Astronomy was the branch of science that deals with heavenly objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. Different scientists invented different discoveries that changed our world today. Copernicus was a scientists who lived in Italy for many years, and discovered modern astronomy. Study and calculation led him to the conclusion that the earth turns upon its own axis, and, together with the planets, revolves around the sun, which led to his theory called the Copernican Theory. Another scientists who was involved in astronomy was Galileo. Galileo made one of the first telescopes, which was very powerful. He discovered the phases of Venus and sunspots, confirming that the sun rotates, and that the planets orbit around the Sun, not around the Earth. Galileo believed that these discoveries committed to the Copernican Theory. Kepler was another scientist involved in astronomy, he worked out the mathematical laws which govern the movements of the planets. He made it clear that the planets revolve around sun in elliptical instead of circular orbits. Kepler's investigations afterwards led to the discovery of the principle of gravitation. Vesalius and Harvey were involved in a science called anatomy. Anatomy was the the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms. Vesalius studied in Italian medical schools, he was the founder of modern human anatomy, and wrote a very famous interesting books on human anatomy called De humani corporis fabrica. His discoveries consisted of the skeletal system, muscular system, vascular and circulatory system, nervous system, abdominal organs, the heart, and the brain. Vesalius discovered that the skulls mandible consists of only one bone. The sternum which is made up of three parts is also one of
Historians and archeologists have found physical evidence that ancient civilizations had an active interest it the apparent motion of the celestial objects. Stonehenge in England, The Bighorn Medicine Wheel in the Unit...
Egyptian science and mathematical practices, particularly astronomy, were highly impacted by religion and therefore highly impacted people's daily lives and cultural practices. From architectural masterpieces such as the great pyramids of giza to items and ideas practiced by almost every ancient egyptian such as the calendar, astronomy impacted people’s daily lives and cultural practices by being at the root of every important thing the Egyptians thought of. Egyptian astronomer- priests practiced astronomy by taking many accurate measurements of the stars using a market, a small instrument that used a plumb line in order to focus on stars. These measurements would then be used to align important structures such as the pyramids and many important
The Islamic Empire took great lengths to expand their understanding of the natural world. The Caliph sent scholars to Persia, Rome, and Greece who brought back texts that were translated to Arabic. There were court appointed patronages which allowed for mastery of secular sciences. This effort allowed for advances in abstract studies of subjects such as optics and math. Medical schools are...
One of the most influential scientist associated with the telescope has to be Galileo. He took the design and reinvented the telescope into one of the first refractive telescopes we use to this day.
...ime period in a positive scientific light. The distinction between modern and medieval science was described as medieval science being more theoretical in nature and modern being of the more applied variety. Through the further presentation of the plethora of Islamic scientists, covering fields as diverse as astronomy, medicine, chemistry, and physics it has been shown, without a doubt, that significant scientific contributions were made in this period. Finally, the source of this misconception was exposed through the common accidental perception of the past as a European narrative. History can easily be focused around Europe, and to do so produces a view of the medieval era being stagnant. However, when one looks at the greater global picture, it is clear that the Islamic world more than makes up for this lull in innovation, successfully brightening the “Dark Age”.
One thing us humans have never been able to fully understand is astronomy. Always an unexplained mystery, astronomy also serves as a way to keep time and predict the future. The word “astronomy” is defined as the study of heavenly bodies, meaning anything in the sky such as stars, galaxies, comets, planets, nebulae, and so on. Many people, if not everyone, are amazed by the night sky on a clear, moonless night. Astronomy dates back to ancient times when peoples such as the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Chinese kept written records of astronomical events and occurrences.
Nicholaus Copernicus is one of the most well known astronomers of all time. He is even labeled as the founder of modern astronomy for the proposition of his heliocentric theory (“Nicolaus Copernicus”, Scientists: Their Lives and Works). The heliocentric theory was revolutionary for Copernicus’ time. Copernicus lived during the Renaissance. “The era of the Renaissance (roughly 1400-1600) is usually known for the “rebirth” of an appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman art forms, along with other aspects of classical teachings that tended to diminish the virtually exclusive concentration on religious teachings during the preceding centuries of the “Dark Ages.” New thinking in science was also evident in this time…” This time period became known as the scientific revolution (“Copernicus: On The Revolutions Of Heavenly Bodies). In other words, old ideas were revived in the arts and other means and less emphasis was placed o...
Ibn al Haytham was a Muslim innovator born in 965 in Basra. He is also known as Alhazen and The First Scientist. In his time, Alhazen was able to invent the first pinhole camera and a camera obscura. Before Alhazen, scientists believed that they did not have to scientifically prove their findings, however, he knew better. Every experiment or hypothesis Alhazen came up with, he submitted it to a physical test and/or proof using mathematic equations. (“Arab Inventors”)
They wrote down what they learned from these places and so this knowledge spread to all other Muslims. They became very advanced in art, architecture, science and mathematics and all this knowledge eventually spread to non-Muslim countries. Much of what we know today is based on the ideas formed by early Islamic scholars. The Islamic religion is based on "The Five Pillars" which are: faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. The first pillar was and still is faith in Allah and his teachings.