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Politics of the Mexican American War
Impacts of Westward Expansion on Native Americans
Impacts of Westward Expansion on Native Americans
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Recommended: Politics of the Mexican American War
“Victims of American Westward Expansion…Accommodation or Resistance?” When viewing a map of the country of Mexico prior to the American westward expansion, it was actually larger than the United States had been at that time. Some lands that Mexico lost in the Mexican - American war under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, are Texas (the second largest state in the present US), California (the third largest state in the present US) and New Mexico (the fifth largest state in the present US). Due to this defeat Mexico lost half of its national territory. Half of Mexico’s lands were gone and half of Mexico’s people displaced making them Americans and no longer Mexicanos. This occurred without their approval or consent. In the book “My History Not Yours” written by Genaro M. Padilla are accounts of men and women living in the lands of Texas, California and New Mexico during the this unruly time of loss and the unknown. The pages of this book contain the actual written accounts of Mexicanos and their feeling of outrage sadness and anger against the insurgence of their mother lands. The feelings of accommodation and resistance are a present among the writers within Padilla’s book but some lean towards one side and some the other. All humans are different and the people of Mexico handled and felt differently about the loss of their lands. Some possessed the mindset that the overtaking of their lands by the Americans was unacceptable and they resisted and resented the presence of the Anglo-Saxons that now occupied their territory. While others possessed more of an accommodating view. That being, they saw the Americans as a potential asset to develop the lands and that the US was more powerful than they so it would be best to tr... ... middle of paper ... ...brief portion of the feelings that accompanied the loss of land for California, New Mexico and Texas. As shown some were passive while others were aggressive. All felt and dealt with similar yet different experiences once America took over half of Mexico’s territory in 1848, after twenty-one months of war between the two nations (Padilla, 14). Whether one was accommodating or resistant to Americans in Mexico’s prior lands, the Mexicanos and Tejanos all felt uprooted, scared and unsure of what the future would hold for them. But one commonality that Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid, Cleofas M. Jaramillo, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Eulalia Perez de Guillen Marine and Juan Nepumuceno Sequin all shared was that they told their stories and because of that the world will forever have the accounts of these people and their heritages told through their own histories.
When Spaniards colonized California, they invaded the native Indians with foreign worldviews, weapons, and diseases. The distinct regional culture that resulted from this union in turn found itself invaded by Anglo-Americans with their peculiar social, legal, and economic ideals. Claiming that differences among these cultures could not be reconciled, Douglas Monroy traces the historical interaction among them in Thrown Among Strangers: The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California. Beginning with the missions and ending in the late 1800s, he employs relations of production and labor demands as a framework to explain the domination of some groups and the decay of others and concludes with the notion that ?California would have been, and would be today, a different place indeed if people had done more of their own work.?(276) While this supposition may be true, its economic determinism undermines other important factors on which he eloquently elaborates, such as religion and law. Ironically, in his description of native Californian culture, Monroy becomes victim of the same creation of the ?other? for which he chastises Spanish and Anglo cultures. His unconvincing arguments about Indian life and his reductive adherence to labor analysis ultimately detract from his work; however, he successfully provokes the reader to explore the complexities and contradictions of a particular historical era.
Ramos, Raul A. Beyond the Alamo: Forging Mexican Ethnicity in San Antonio, 1821-1861. The University of North Carolina Press. 2008.
In February 2, 1848, the final armistice treaty Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, through which the United States government got the access to entire area of California, Nevada, Utah plus some territory in Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming. As a compensation, the United States government paid 18.25 million dollars to Mexico.( Pecquet, Gary M., and C. F. Thies. 2010) However, apart from the death of people, Mexico lost half of its territory in this war, which initiate Mexican’s hostile towards American. In addition, after the Mexican-American war, there was an absence of national sense in Mexican, which had a negative effect on the unity and development of the country.
In Chapter 8 of Major Problems in American Immigration History, the topic of focus shifts from the United States proper to the expansion and creation of the so called American Empire of the late Nineteenth Century. Unlike other contemporary colonial powers, such as Britain and France, expansion beyond the coast to foreign lands was met with mixed responses. While some argued it to be a mere continuation of Manifest Destiny, others saw it as hypocritical of the democratic spirit which had come to the United States. Whatever their reasons, as United States foreign policy shifted in the direction of direct control and acquisition, it brought forth the issue of the native inhabitants of the lands which they owned and their place in American society. Despite its long history of creating states from acquired territory, the United States had no such plans for its colonies, effectively barring its native subjects from citizenship. Chapter 8’s discussion of Colonialism and Migration reveals that this new class of American, the native, was never to be the equal of its ruler, nor would they, in neither physical nor ideological terms, join in the union of states.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1948 would have lasting negative effects on Mexican Americans. The Treaty was signed after America had won the Mexican American war. America gained possession of the southwest states that had been part of Mexico for the price of around eighteen million dollars. In Article IX of the Treaty, it states that the Mexicans "shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property, and secured in the free exercise of their religion without restriction"(Vargas 139). And as Rachel Rivera points out Article VII promised the Mexicans the right to keep their land which previously belonged to Mexico. However, the Treaty would not grant the Mexicans the rights it offered. For the next hundred and twenty years the Mexicans would be oppressed and discriminated against because of the Treaty. The Treaty was the beginning of the hardships for the Mexicans. They would have to survive in the developing white society. The white society would grow and grow in the southwest, turning the Mexicans into a minority. In Zaragosa Vargas’s book Major Problems in Mexican American History, Vargas delves deeper into the problems of Mexican American History. In our Latinos in the U.S. class, we have discussed the fact that Mexicans in the United States have dealt with many problems which have gone ignored by mainstream society. The website Chicano Park illustrates how Mexican Americans have used art as a collective voice. The documentary Chicano! focuses on how the people found their voice. In the film we see that the social movements of the 1960’s allowed Mexican Americans to raise their voice against the discrimination they had lived with for over a centu...
The issue of land ownership in Mexico was the basis of Father Miguel Hidalgo’s call to revolution in Mexico and a major political grievance at the time. On September 16th, 1810 he gave an appeal to his countrymen, “My children, will you be free? Will you make the effort to recover the lands stolen from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards 300 years ago”. This call to fight for “Independence and Liberty” in Mexico became known as “el Grito de Dolores”. This speech had rallied poor mestizos and Native Americans alike to fight for independence. The issue of land ownership during the Mexican war of
Eisenhower, John S. D. So Far From God: The U. S. War with Mexico 1846 – 1848. New York: Random House, 1989, xxvi, 436.
331–355. JSTOR, doi: 10.2307/25161671. This is a long narrative of the conflicts and tension between America and Mexico. It is not until several pages later that the event of the Bear Flag Revolt is approached, and it is made clear that the U.S. government had confidence in eventually annexing California, so expeditions was sent out to explore the area. There is a brief account of the taking of Sonoma and the actions that was taken upon General Vallejo, and once Sonoma was occupied by Americans, a flag with a bear and a lone star was made in order to proclaim California as an independent Bear Flag Republic. This article provided a far more wide perspective
In 1835, Mexicans, Native Americans, and Anglo-Saxon immigrants inhabited the area that is now known as Gonzales, Texas (First shots of the Texas Revolution, 2009). The relationship among the Native Americans, Mexicans, and Anglo-Saxon immigrants, however, was very volatile (Hardin, 2010, June 15). Because the Native Americans wanted the Mexicans and
Connor, Walker., Heath Shirley B., and Paz Octavio. Who Are the Mexican-Americans?: A note on Comparability. Washington D.C.: The Urban Press, 1985
Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish explorer, was raised with a strict colonial mindset, due to his service in the Spanish army at a young age. Thus, he joined the Conquest of Mexico, leaving his homeland of Spain with five ships to obtain gold and territory, similar to a vast amount of other explorers in this era. This expedition played a huge role in de Vaca’s life, hence foreshadowing the transformation of his views on many circumstances that were yet to come, one being the Native Americans.
How would you feel if someone walked into your house and exclaimed that it was theirs? To fill the emptiness of their northern territory, Mexico insisted on letting people in from the United States into their land to settle as long as the U.S. followed the rules of Mexico. Conflict started because of the United State’s belief in expanding to the Pacific, causing the Mexican-American War to break out. Today, historians question whether or not the U.S. was reasonable in going to war with Mexico. Back then, many would say it was justified, but by analyzing many sources, the United States was not justifiable in going to war with Mexico because the settlers broke rules, the Thornton Affair should not be entirely blamed on Mexico, and O’Sullivan was racially bias.
The United States won the Mexican-American War. With several reasons behind this great victory, this event had caught the European governments by surprise. As American armies were outnumbered four to one, and while they were also fighting in foreign lands, the American army still defeated the Mexican army and gained many more territories. In winning this impossible war, the Americans had almost complete control over what is now the United States of America and using the idea of “manifest destiny” to be the driving force behind their out-numbered armies.
One would claim that Dionisio is simply a prideful individual. Fuentes claims that Dionisio, himself, said “he wasn’t anti-Yankee in this matter or in any other, even though every child born in Mexico knew that in the nineteenth century the gringos had stripped us of half our territory” (57). The trouble with Fuentes’ claim is the inherent implication that all Mexicans hold some type of resentment toward their northern neighbor, and that Dionisio is not the exclusion to the rule. He implies that the anti-United States resentment runs deep through the veins of the Mexican consciousness. Dionisio referred to the United States as the “United States of Amnesia”, as a country who ignored the plights and needs of the Mexican people (57). This notion of anti-American sentiment is bolstered by Gloria in Borderlands, for “The Battle of the Alamo… became the symbol for the cowardly and villainous character of the Mexicans. It became (and still is) a symbol that legitimized the white imperialist takeover (28). The modern day Mexicans view the Americans as the invaders who aggressed into Texas, and that the political community which had existed was consumed by America. This parallels the notion that American incessant need for abundance, in every regard, is causing the withering of the Mexican
Omar S. Valerio-Jiménez’ novel River of Hope: Forging Identity and Nation in the Rio Grande Borderlands, depicts the villa del norte settlements which examines, “violence resulting from multiple conquest, of resistance and accommodations to state power, and of changing ethnic and political identities” (Valereo-Jiménez 1). Jiménez documents the regions history to the Civil War examining state formation, ethnic and nation building. The Rio Grande is a fascinating area that had been influenced by many opposing powers the Spanish and independent Mexico. Culminating to the Anglo-American expansion that lead to colonial nation building and well as ethnic identity.