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Chapter 5 the law of torts
Basic principles tort law
Principles applicable to tort of negligence- law
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Recommended: Chapter 5 the law of torts
OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
OBJECTIVES:
TO STUDY AND CRITICALLY ANALISE THE CASE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED.
TO DRAW UP THE COMMON INFERENCE WHILE STUDYING THE USE OF THE PRINCIPLE IN OTHER CASES.
METHODOLOGY
THE BASIC METHODOLOGY ADOPTED TO PREPARE THIS RESEARCH IS DEDUCTIVE THAT IS TO STUDY VARIOUS CASES, TO ANALYSE THE LAWS IN THE SAME TOPIC AND UNDERSTAND THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE TO DRAW A GENERAL CONCLUSION.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1:......................................INTRODUCTION
2:......................................PRINCIPLES INVOLVED
3:......................................CRITICAL ANALYSIS
4:......................................CONCLUSION
5:......................................BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Since the Annus case the trends rather we should say the general trends were to provide the damages to the owner of the premises and they were purely economic losses. But in this case that trend was overruled and there began a new trend and new principles that we will come across while going through the whole project. There were many questions raised like a duty of care is owed to whom? How damages can be provided in a particular case like this? But one thing is for sure that this case can be considered as a landmark case in the history of `Torts' as we come across a very few cases where the well established principles like here are overruled.
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE CASE
MATERIAL FACTS
The plaintiff bought a built as such to the plans approved by the defendants. But the independent consulting engineers who had carelessly failed to note an error in the calculations which rendered inadequate the concrete raft foundation necessited by the sl...
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The requirement that the house be "imminently dangerous" was was unworkable and the novel type of damage introduced byAnnus was inherently unstable and indeterminate: if seen as personal injury, the damage is purely potential, not actual; If seen as actual,it is economical loss, the money needed to make the house safe.
Therefore there arose a requirement of the new principles which could overrule the orthodox principles as established by the Annus case and this was nicely done by Murphy v. Brentwood district council case.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS -
Dr. R. K. Bangia, Law Of Torts, (Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabd, 17th edn., 2003)
Justice G. P. Singh (Ed.), Ratan Lal & Dhiraj Lal On The Law Of Torts (Wadhwa And Company, Nagpur, 24th edn., 2002)
REPORTERS
ALL ENGLAND REPORTERS
WEBSITES VISITED -
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
WWW.WESTLAW.COM
Case, Adeels Palace v Moubarak (2009) 239 CLR 420 entails a defendant, Adeels Palace Pty Ltd and two plaintiffs, Anthony Moubarak and Antoin Fayez Bou Najem. On New Year’s Eve 2002, a function, hosted by Adeels was open to members of the public, with a charged admission fee. A dispute broke out in the restaurant. One man left the premises and later returned with a firearm. He seriously injured both respondents. One was shot in the leg and other in the stomach. The plaintiffs separately brought proceedings against the defendant in the District Court of New South Wales (NSW), claiming damages for negligence. The trial judge issued Bou Najem $170,000 and Moubarak $1,026,682.98. It was held that the duty of care was breached by the defendant as they ‘negligently’ failed to employ security for their function. The breach of duty and resulted in the plaintiff’s serious injuries.
The case of Kamloops v. Nielson was a landmark decision for tort law, since it established the duty of care principle in Canadian private law, which prior to this case was used in the Anns v. Merton case and expanded the scope of duty first identified in Donoghue v. Stevenson. In the historic case of Donoghue v. Stevenson, duty of care was established to include anyone that could be foreseeably harmed by someone’s actions, creating the neighbour principle. The Anns v. Merton case expanded the scope of the neighbour principle to including public bodies, such as the municipality. The case involved a faulty building foundation, which resulting in requiring repairs for the house, and whether the municipality should have to pay for the repairs, since it was the job of the municipality to inspect and ensure the building was properly constructed. Whether public tax allocations should be subject to tort litigations was placed in question in the case but the municipality was held liable for damages nevertheless.
...ages was excessive compared to the damage suffered by the plaintiffs and the defendant’s “failures to fulfill contractual obligations”15. This decision could be a start in introducing punitive damages in France, though two conditions would need to be fulfilled for them to be allocated - proportionality both to the damage suffered, and to the defendant’s “failures to fulfill contractual obligations”.
Palmer v. Mulligan (1805), resembled the case of Merritt v. Parker (1795), however with a different outcome. In Palmer v. Mulligan, Palmer was suing Mulligan to damages caused by his mill. Palmer’s mill burnt down and Mulligan built a new mill up river, so Palmer had to rebuild his mill further into the river in order to get enough water flow, this caused Parker to loose logs that were floating down river and he had to hire more labor to ensue this didn’t happen. Since Mulligan’s mill was upriver trash from his mill was floating down river and hitting Palmer’s mill causing damage. The court found in favor of Mulligan saying that Palmer’s problems were his own because Mulligan was not altering the flow of the river in any way, and that the “injuries” to his mill were being caused by the natural flow of the river and it was nearly ‘slight inconveniences’. (Palmer v. Mulligan 3 Cai. R. 307; 1805 N.Y. Lexis 343). This case showed the shift in favor to competition and the idea that competition was a good thing. It also demonstrated that not all interference with property would have been compensated. The law shifted to favor competition over prior appropriation. The law shifted from “sic utere” to “salus populi” reflecting that the welfare of the people should be the supreme of the law. (Salyer). It was seen that the people
Vernonia School District v. Acton was a US Supreme court decision that aims to uphold the constitutionality affecting random drug testing implemented by local public schools in Vernonia, Oregon States. This provision mandates student athletes to undergo drug testing before they are going to be allowed to participate in sporting activities. This particular measure established by the constitution stated that it propagates any illegal use of any prohibited substances for students in order to preserve the integrity of the society in particular with handling against drug use. An official investigation led to the discovery that high school athletes in the Vernonia School District participated in illicit drug use. School officials were concerned that drug use increases the risk of sports-related injury. Consequently, the Vernonia School District of Oregon adopted the Student Athlete Drug Policy which authorizes random urinalysis drug testing of its student athletes Substance abuse materials may include marijuana, which is cannabis that is commonly used by teens.
Tort, one of the crucial subjects of study when analyzing common law jurisdictions. Tort, is an action which causes another person or party to suffer harm or loss []. The person who has committed a tortious act is called the tortfeasor while the person who suffered harm or loss from such act is called the injured party or the victim. Although crimes may be torts, torts may not be crimes [] simply because a tort may not have broken a law. In fact, one must understand that the key idea of tort is not to punish the tortfeasor(s) but rather to compensate the victim(s).
The second issue is whether or not the defendant has an obligation to reimburse for an injury. The outcome of this second issue depends whether or not it is rational for the defendant to have to pa...
The principle then lies about like a loaded weapon, ready for the hand of any authority that can bring forward a plausible claim of an urgent need. Every repetition imbeds that principle more deeply in our law and thinking and expands it to new purposes.
The construction of the project was initially placed in the hands of the fabricator, Haven Steel Company, as well as the engineering design team, G.C.E. International, Inc., a professional engineering firm (Luth, 2000). A major communication error was evident between the two firms, as neither interacted properly and design was disputed. The fabricator decided that the design of the hangar rods should be altered to prevent damage during construction, and altered plans to the new fatal flaw (Banset and Parsons, 1989). The main error in the construction of this project originated from hanger rod connections, which erroneously placed the weight of multiple walkways under the support of a single set of bolt connections, which placed too much strain on a single level of the walkway. This new design was approved by senior engineers, allowing the construction of the new plans to commence, and causing the
Respondent no. 02 resisted the petition by filing written say (Exh.No. 16). In written say, respondent no. 02 died all adverse allegations. Respondent no. 02 denied that there was employee and employer relationship between the deceased Mahendra and respondent no. 01 and respondent no. 02, being insurer of Ape auto rickshaw is liable to pay compensation and penalty amount. In additional written say, respondent no. 02 pleaded that the vehicle bearing registration no. MH-23-X-4372 was registered as private vehicle and insurance policy was also obtained for the same purpose. However, in police papers, it is clearly mentioned that at the relevant time of accident the said vehicle was used for commercial purpose. The said fact amounts to serious breach of terms and conditions of the policy. Therefore, respondent no. 02 is not liable to pay any compensation to the petitioners. Respondent no. 02 in additional written say further pleaded that at the time of accident, the deceased Mahendra Bansode was not holding valid and effective driving license and the said fact also amounts to serious breach on the part of respondent no. 01. Moreover, respondent no. 01 has not intimated about this accident to respondent no. 02. In the above circumstances, on that count also respondent no. 02 is not liable to pay compensation to the petitioners. Ultimately, respondent no.02 prayed to dismiss the petition with
The first point to note when analysing occupiers’ liability is that originally it was separate to the general principles of negligence which were outlined in Donoghue v Stevenson .The reason for this “pigeon hole approach” was that the key decision of occupiers’ liability, Indermaur v Dames was decided sixty six years prior to the landmark decision of Donoghue v Stevenson . McMahon and Binchy state the reason why it was not engulfed into general negligence, was because it “… had become too firmly entrenched by 1932 … to be swamped by another judicial cross-current” Following on from Indermaur v Dames the courts developed four distinct categories of entrant which I will now examine in turn.
Textbook on Torts 8th edition. Michael A.Jones [2] P419. Textbook on Torts 8th edition. Michael A.Jones [3] The Law of Torts. 9th edition.
The research approach draws on the sources of knowledge through inductive or deductive reasoning and operationalised with the use of the method.
From the 1990s, the reports that cover the compensation cases increased dramatically in the mass media (Almond, 2004). There is a view that a huge number of tort cases in the ‘compensation culture’ are unjustified and unfair. In the mid-1990s, the term ‘compensation culture’ first appeared in a famous British newspaper (Levin, 1993). Actually, this is an extreme view, which will be criticized in this paper. This essay emphasizes the compensation culture is a myth (Morris, 2007). There are three reasons: Firstly, the data of the tort claims declined in recent years. Secondly, some victims do not receive the compensation or enough compensation that they deserve. Thirdly, the mass media and public organizations created the ‘compensation
The most significant feature of an investigative study is the precision and simplicity of the investigative problem. For a brief assertion, it definitely has a great deal of influence on the study. The statement of the problem is the central position of the study. The problem statement should affirm what will be studied, whether the study will be completed by means of experimental or non-experimental analysis, and what the reason and function of the results will bring. As an element of the opening, profound problem declarations satisfies the query of why the study should to be performed. The reason of this essay is to discuss the features of an investigative problem; in addition, the essay will center on what constitutes a researchable problem; the components of a well formed Statement of Research Problem; and, what constitutes a reasonable theoretical framework for the need of a study.