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Mumps virus history
A paper written on mumps
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Abigail Minns
POHS 1st Period
October 24, 2017
2nd 6 Weeks Writing Assignment
Mumps, also known as parotitis, is a infectious disease discovered by Ernest William Goodpasture and Claude D. Johnson in 1934. Symptoms may be swollen and painful salivary glands, a fever, headache, fatigue, and appetite loss (Mayo Clinic). This disease started off affecting the armies during their mobilization. More than 50% of soldiers during WW1 were hospitalized for the infectious disease. During this time they didn’t have a vaccine, which means it infected the body more seriously than it does now. It used to cause hearing loss and even deafness (wasn't as common). The mumps infection sometimes lead to meningitis to most men.
In 1967 Maurice Hilleman created
The Columbian Exchange was a trade network that was indisputably a major event in world history due to the exchange of ideas, crops, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World, making the world “smaller”; it is undeniable that had the Columbian Exchange not happened, all of our lives today would be drastically different. During 1450 to 1750 – the time period of the Columbian Exchange – the mumps, a virus that was originally discovered in Europe, was transferred from the Old World to the New; in both hemispheres, diseases were transmitted unknowingly until people started noticing the correlations between those who got sick and what might have caused them to contract it, which led to diseases being used as weapons in biological warfare, causing the indigenous peoples to die off and allowing the Europeans economic prosperity.
The Polio Journals: Lessons from My Mother, by Anne K. Gross, is the heartbreaking and emotional version of one woman’s life as a polio survivor. Carol Greenfeld Rosenstiel, the author’s mother, contracted polio in 1927 at the young age of two. From then until her death from lung cancer in 1985, Carol Rosenstiel was a paraplegic, suffering paralysis below the waist. She did successfully marry, raise children, and enjoy a profession as a concert musician while confined to a wheelchair. She kept journals that Anne Gross used, after her mother’s death, to reminisce her mother’s life. She was encouraged by her courageous and pitiless efforts to attain recognition in the world of the non-disabled.
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
and European Government by implying that the public are at a healthier standpoint by taking the vaccine while in actuality individuals may be at more harm by taking the vaccine versus having the virus. Firstly, Merck admits that the MMRII vaccine can cause serious life threaten conditions such as Vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), Diabetes, Thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet count), Chronic arthritis, Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and Panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat layer). Several of these conditions are brought on by the live viruses in MMRII alone. Additionally, vaccines eliminate all possibility of a person developing lifelong immunity to infectious diseases like measles because they circumvent innate immunity, the body’s first line of defense against disease, exposing the adaptive immune system to viral components that it would never otherwise encounter. This causes permanent damage to the immune system and helps explain why many people today are stricken with autoimmune disorders that prior to vaccines were virtually nonexistent. Where in fact, natural exposure to measles is generally mild and imparts permanent immunity which is a nature’s
The first Measles vaccination was introduced in 1963, the improved upon in 1968. During the years of 1967 and 1968, a vaccination for Mumps and Rubella was also introduced. The three vaccines were combined in 1971, and called the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine (Immunization Action Coalition, “Measles: Questions and Answers”). One dosage of the MMR vaccination was proven to protect about 90-95% of children, then in 1989 the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Prevention’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices decided to change the dose from one to two, raising the percent of children protected to about 97% (National Network for Immunization Information (NNii), “Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)”). The CDC reported that 95% percent of children receiving their first dose of the MMR vaccine between the ages of 12 months and 15 months become immune to measles, mumps, and rubella after this initial dose. Those not becoming immune after the first does become immune after the second dose given between ages four years old and six years old (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Vaccines”). Thanks to these changes made measles, mumps, and rubella have become nearly eliminated in the United States. However, to ensure that these diseases do not spread from countries not vaccinating, it is important that we continue with our current program. While the MMR vaccination is the safest way to ensure that we do not have an outbreak, the vaccination has been a source of controversy over the years. At one time, the MMR vaccine was thought to be unsafe because not only does it overwhelm your immune system, but also the vaccine contained toxic additives, and was thought to be linked to Autism. Studies have since pro...
Mumps, until 9 days after onset of parotid gland swelling and a licensed physician states in writing the child may return;
The structure of the Mumps is a single stranded RNA virus. Its genus is the Rubulavirus which is part of the Paramyxoviridae family . The Mumps virus is an acute virus that could become very harmful if not treated. Although it is not very prevalent in the United States anymore when outbreaks happen things can become very serious very quickly. Of course these outbreaks come from natural occurrences of people who have not been vaccinated (which will be discussed later) and have never had the disease. In earlier years the mumps virus mostly occurred in babies and children and also within the military but now if there is an occurrence, it is mostly found in adults.
Mumps is primarily a childhood disease, occurring most frequently between the ages of 5 to 9, although it was also known as a problem for soldiers during war because of the sanitary conditions and close proximity. For instance, in World War I only influenza and gonorrhea were more prevalent among the armies. It replicates inside the nose, throat, and regional lymph nodes. The virus incubates for about 14-18 days, and then a viremia occurs for about 3-5 days. During the viremia it can spread to the meninges, salivary glands, testes, ovaries and pancreas. Out of the infected population, 30 to 40% get swollen parotid salivary glands, with most of the rest being asymptomatic or having only respiratory problems. Around 60% of patients have asymptomatic meningitis, with up to 15% progressing to symptomatic. Encephalitis is also possible, occurring in around 5/100,000 cases. The encephalitis almost always results in some permanent hearing loss, and was historically the leading cause of hearing loss in children. Orchitis (testicular swelling) happens in up to 50% of post-pubertal males, with oophritis (ovarian swelling) happening in only 5% of women. Orchitis often results in testicular atrophy but very rarely in sterility.
Through the rise of technological advances in medicine, the vaccine has changed the world for the greater good of the human race. Making a great triumph and virtually eliminating an array of life-threatening diseases, from smallpox to diphtheria, thus adding approximately thirty years to many humans’ life spans. Although, a new complication has arisen, possibly linking neurological digression with this rise of new vaccines. Such a digression has forced parents to exempt their children from receiving vaccinations and brought forth mental anguish affecting the minds of many.
Mumps, Measles, Whooping Cough, Smallpox, Polio and, Diphtheria are all deadly diseases that were once a death sentence to children and adults around the world, but there is something that can help combat these fatal diseases. Vaccinations can change the course of these lethal diseases, but some families are still refusing to vaccinate the future of the world. Vaccinations can not only be beneficial to the child itself but to rest of humanity as well. There is evidence that goes against false claims bashing vaccination and the positive effects of vaccination overrule all of the negative. Vaccination can have a positive effect on the world due to its life-saving properties, effects on humanity and the extensive amount of safety and care that
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a success. Doctors all around Europe soon began to proceed in Jenner’s method. Seven different vaccines came from the single experimental smallpox vaccine. Now the questions were on the horizon. Should everyone be getting vaccinations? Where’s the safety limit? How can they be improved? These questions needed answers, and with a couple hundred years later with all the technology, we would have them(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has listed immunizations as the number one greatest public health achievement in the 20th century. This attainment towards the goal of health and safety is a huge success for not only our country but from the global perspective as well. Immunizations help to prevent illness and death from vaccine-preventable diseases. The World Health Organization states that global vaccination coverage has remained consistent for the past few years; for example, the percentage of infants fully vaccinated against diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis has held secure at 83%. Programs for population-wide vaccinations have helped with the annihilation of polio in America since the late 1970’s, the eradication of smallpox, and the control of numerous other infectious diseases in the United States and other parts of the world.
Spinal arthritis was common as were typhoid and
Today’s day and age it is extremely important that adults, teens, and children get vaccinated. Getting vaccinated can reduce the risk of contracting a communicable disease. This makes it very important to get vaccinated because reducing the risk of contracting a communicable disease could be the difference between actually contracting the disease or not. It is important to get vaccinated because you reduce the risk of contracting certain communicable diseases, reduce the risk of people around you contracting some communicable diseases, and encourage others to be vaccinated.
For many years before the development of vaccines, it was known that after recovery from certain diseases some people would not become infected when exposed to it again. This course by which a person is protected from certain diseases after natural infection is termed active immunity. The person is protected since the immune system remembers the past infection and reacts quickly when it comes across the issue again. Yet, for diseases that can be life-threatening, attaining immunity in this way entails running the risk of death upon the first encounter. Even for non life-threatening diseases, a lot of infections carry a risk of grave complications after recovery and so it would be preferable to obtain immunity without taking unwarranted risks. Active immunity by way of vaccination presents a much safer alternative (Childhood Vaccinations: Understanding Vaccines, 2006).