What is the reason behind certain behavior of an individual? What initiates an individual to do something either that is good or bad? How do people succeed in reaching goal? These questions certainly deal with motivation as motivation provides base for a person’s action, desires and needs. Motivation encourages us to move towards certain goals that may be due to rewards, incentives, and or driving forces. It is a presumed internal or external force that energizes or encourages certain actions. For instance, a baby eats a whole glass of milk after the mother promises to provide a candy bar afterwards. Thus, motivation is an activating action that stimulates people to do something. In general motivation is the process of starting, directing and …show more content…
These theories are evolved to identify and explain the need that influences the human behavior. It is focused to answer these main questions: what forces within people, or within their environment, leads to motivation? What process of the mechanism are involved in motivational behavior? Most of the general theories of motivation emphasizes four basic qualities i.e. activating- which stimulates us to do something, directive- which guides our behavior towards meeting specific goals or needs, sustaining- which helps us to sustain behaviors until we reach our goals and motivating- motives that differs in strength depending on the person and situation.
According to an article on Cherry (2016), the researchers have developed a number of theories to describe motivation and each individual theories tends to be rather limited in a scope.
The Humanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to act in order to meet their needs, which is illustrated in Abraham Maslow 's hierarchy of needs which presents different motivations at different levels. According to the Drive theory of motivation, people are motivated to take certain actions that is caused by unmet needs. For example, you might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the
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It is mainly essential in the workplace, it is helpful also in leadership. For example, you might be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of being paid. The expectancy theory of motivation suggests that when we are think of future, we develop expectations. We want positive outcome. We want to make the future as imagined which leads people to feel more motivated to pursue those likely outcomes.
According to Sarah Grison, Michael S. Gazzaniga (Psychology in your life, page no-317), Motivation has two different theories i.e. intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic means internal desire to find out new things and challenges, to observe and to gain knowledge and to analyze one’s capacity. Such motivation is long-lasting and self -sustaining. It is a natural motivational tendency and is an important element in cognitive, social, and physical development. For example, a girl loves dancing because she enjoys dancing which motivates her to participate in dance competitions. Extrinsic motivation is usually the external forces that influences somebody to do something. Rewards and punishments are the extrinsic motivation. John participated in dance just to win the trophy is an example of extrinsic
Most recent theories on motivation conclude that people will start certain behaviors under the belief that this behavior will accomplish desired goals or outcomes. With Lewin (1936) and Tolman (1932) leading the charge, the goal-oriented behavior led researchers to want to understand more on the psychological value people attribute to goals, people’s expectations on reaching these goals, and the structures which keep people striving to achieve these goals. After some recent findings on goal-oriented behavior, researchers were able to differentiate different types of goals, whereas before researchers assumed that goals that were valued the same, with the same expectations of achievement, would need the same amount
Once stated by Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Motivation is the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it.” The aforementioned ideology places an emphasis on an individual’s internal desires, rather than an outside/external force driving the individual’s consciousness (cognitive evaluation.) Therefore intrinsic motivation is one in which an individual 's own desire comes from within; a relentless and genuine passion for an intended goal. On the contrary, when an individual relies on external factors such as, a reward or any other form of external reinforcement, an extrinsic motivation is exhibited. Although society likes to stress the importance in pursuing an internal motivation, in today 's modern world, an extrinsic factor far outweighs an internal desire to accomplish an objective.
motivation is a behavior that makes people want to struggle all the time until he or she achieved the things that they all wanted. motivation can be divided into two ways, intrinsic and extrinsic. the intrinsic one usually comes from his or her desire and this method is really proven that it can possibly achieved if this intrinsic method is used because we do not need to rely on people around like friends mostly. the extrinsic one is the reversal from the intrinsic that we rely on the people who taught us to be motivated and this method quite or often proven or succeed because human also need a help each other.
Depending on how motivated we are, it may further determine the effort we put into our work and therefore increase the standard of the productivity. There have been a wide variety of theories about motivation developed over the years. Several are drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, psychosocial (both incentive and cognitive) theory, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
The author trusts that all humans have some level of motivation as long as they exist. In turn, there are several well-known classic approaches that consider motivation such as instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and humanistic approaches. It is beyond the scope of this paper to describe all in detail, but a brief synopsis of each follows: (1) Instinct approach theorists suggest that humans have many diverse instincts that are biologically determined and cause innate patterns of behaviors such as reproducing, territorial protection, curiosity, acquisition, and fight, flight or freeze to name a few (McDougall, 1908). (2) Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals have needs that are essential for survival and this need cause a tension to act called a drive. These drives entail primary drives for physical needs such as water and food, and acquired drives realized through conditioning or experience such as the need for income or social acceptance; whereas, one must meet the need to reduce the drive to return to a state of homeostasis (Hull, 1943). (3) Theorists who support an Arousal approach believe that humans are motivated by stimulation and people develop an optimal level of stimulus tension; whereas, task performances may suffer if the level is too high such as severe test anxiety or even too low such as boredom
The author trusts that all humans have some level of motivation as long as they exist. In turn, there are several well-known classic approaches that consider motivation such as instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and humanistic approaches. It is beyond the scope of this paper to describe all in detail, but a brief synopsis of each follows: (1) Instinct approach theorists suggest that humans have many diverse instincts that are biologically determined and cause innate patterns of behaviors such as reproducing, territorial protection, curiosity, acquisition, and fight, flight or freeze to name a few (McDougall, 1908). (2) Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals have needs that are essential for survival and this need cause a tension to act called a drive. These drives entail the primary drives for physical needs (water and food) and the acquired drives learned through experience or conditioning (need for money or social approval); whereas, one must meet the need to return to a state of homeostasis (Hull, 1943). (3) Theorists who support an Arousal approach believe that humans are motivated by stimulation and people develop an optimal level of stimulus tension; whereas, task performances may suffer if the level is too high such as severe test anxiety or even too low such as boredom (Teigen, 1994). (4) Incentive
Intrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does for enjoyment of the activity itself. There is no external reward for these behaviors, and it is seen as a prototype for autonomous behaviors. Extrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does to illicit a direct consequence. In some cases, one might behave a certain way to avoid punishment, or alternatively, to receive a reward. Most people are extrinsically motivated to go to work every day. There are four different types of extrinsic motivation: External, introjected, identified, and integrated. For certain activities, Amotivation can occur, which usually has negative effects. This occurs when people’s needs aren’t being satisfied by whatever they are doing. Each of the types of motivation can be located on The Self-Determination
Motivation can be divided into two different categories, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation can be describe as a motivation to perform a task for the sake of experiencing the pleasure, joys and satisfaction rather than the desire to achieve external reward (Deci, Connel and Ryan, 1989). While extrinsic motivation is describe as a motivation to engage in an acti...
Benefits of Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is those rewards that can be termed psychological motivations. Examples of this type of intangible motivation are opportunities to use one’s ability, a sense of challenge and achievement, receiving appreciation, positive recognition, and being treated in a caring and considerate manner. In essence, active task participation is its own reward for the employee or individual and does not depend on explicit rewards or other external constraints. Those that are intrinsically motivated have a bit of advantages over workers who are more predominantly extrinsically motivated. For instance, intrinsically motivated people work on job tasks because they find them enjoyable and interesting.
There are many ways in which motivation can be defined. Generally speaking, motivation comprises an individual’s effort, persistence and the direction of that effort. In simple terms, it is the will to perform. (Brooks, I, 2006). Eugene Mckenna thinks that with motivation, people respond to conditions operating within and outside themselves, and go the extra mile at their role. To motivate people, elements such as needs, motives, drives and goals or incentives of individuals have to be looked at.(Mckenna, E, 2000).
Motivation is key in the workplace. It is developed from the collaboration of both conscious and unconscious principles such as the strength of desire or need, motivating force or reward estimation of the objective, and desires of the person and of his or her peers/co-workers. These elements are the reasons one has for carrying on a specific way. An illustration is an understudy that invests additional energy contemplating for a test since he or she needs a superior review in the class. The Inside and outside principles that animate want and vitality in individuals to be constantly intrigued and centered around their work, part or subject, or to try to achieve an objective.
Learning the real importance of understanding the different types of motivation is in our ability to determine which type of motivation is most inspiring and effective to purse the desired behaviour in ourselves or others.
According to Greenberg (1999), motivation is defined “as a process of arousing, directing and maintaining behavior towards a goal.” Where “directing” refers to the selection of a particular behavior; and ‘maintenance” refers to the inclination to behave with consistency in that manner until the desired outcome is met.
Furthermore, there are three theories which explain the different factors in how employees are motivated based on their needs. The first theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, was proved by Abraham Maslow in the years of 1943 and 1954 (McLeod, 2013). Maslow believed that society developed their motivations depending on their needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a theory in which five motivational needs( self-actualization,esteem, belongingness and love, safety, and psychological) are demonstrated in a hierarchy pyramid. The five motivational needs are divided into three categories(basic, psychological, and
The concept of motivation is not easy to be grasped, especially in terms of defining it because, it is not something touchable that people or researchers can give it an exact definition which covers all its aspects. All the definitions presented are different views of scholars and researchers who try as much as they can to offer an exact and clear definition and they still try to do that. Here in this chapter we are going to present some scholars views and opinions to know a little about that concept and what do they think it means;