Morphology
Jinwoong Lee
American Samoa Community College
Morphology
Communication functions delivering idea and thought from one person to another. In communication various categories exist such as oral, non-verbal, written, and visualization. All kinds of organisms communicate with each other. Animal communicates each other through a howl and gesture, and even plant communicates each other. However, among the species human is has special communication system which is language. Human uses language to express their thought and culture. Human language systems formed by rules and structures. Among those rules and structures, morphology is the analysis of word structure and word-formation. Without of system of morphology human language
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To find the foundation of morphology needs to trace back to 6th to 5th century. Structure of morphology set up in by the Indian grammarian Panini who formulates about the 4,000 rules of Sanskrit morphology in the text “Aṣṭādhyāyī”. (Ashtadhyayi, 2016). According to Mataram (2013), modern system of morphology has not considered as a sub-branch of linguistic till 19th century. Through Sir William Jones, Franz Bopp, and Mark Muller people could assume that Sanskrit, Latin, Persian and Germanic language descended from a familiar ancestor, and studied grammatical ending of words with the languages. In addition, Darwinian Theory of evolution made has been studied evolution of words and language.(Mataram, 2013). In addition, the word “Morphology” introduced by August Schleicher in 1895, which derived from the Greek words: morph- means ‘shape, form’, and –ology means ‘to study’; therefore, the meaning of morphology is the study of form or forms of language (Aronoff, …show more content…
Universally most of the societies variety of ethnic exist; consequently, multicultural is causing issue fact of speaking different languages. School also faces multicultural issues. As mentioned earlier, the problem of multicultural in the school is the exchange of idea or knowledge between English Second Learner (ESL) and teacher. ESL has to overcome learning English fast as they can; therefore, teachers need to know how to help student. According to Morphology and the Implication on English Language Teaching (2012) states that knowing morphology practical to education assist to recognize the character of the language system. Moreover, teaching student the characteristics of morpheme such as suffixes of bound morpheme will help ESL or regular student to adjusting or even changing the class of the word (Stowe,
Communication is used throughout every primate and animal and it includes any behaviors, scents, and autonomic responses. Communication is used to indicate submission, reassurance, or amicable intentions. Vocalizations are used as a form of communication to inform others of predator or food presence. Social living would not be possible without communication.
The author hopes that his audience will agree that these changes are advantageous and will become more open-minded on the idea of a diversified English. McNeil directs his article to classroom instructors, linguistic researchers and administrators devoted to the advancement of the teaching and learning of languages, particularly English.
Communication between humans would not be possible without the development of language. Gee and Hayes (2011), states that Language is a physically present set of rules that are established cognitively and socially that guides groups of humans to communicate with each other (p. 6). Language can take the form of many types of communication. Language that is seen, also known as non-verbal communication can be described as written language, body language, gestures and Auslan (Grellier & Goerke, 2014, p. 220). Language that is heard, also known as oral language is the ability to communicate through speech (Gee & Hayes, 2011. p. 6). Oral language has been present amoung all humanity since the beginning of time, starting from one original language.
Of the several challenges that ELL students may face at school, one of the most important to remember is that these students not only have the pressure of learning at the same pace of their peers that have most likely spoken English their whole lives, but they have to do so while attempting to understand the English language. Graves' makes a paramount point on page 411 of his text where he states "it is not that English language learners come to school with a language deficit. They come with a lack of knowledge of the particular language that is used in the schools they will be attending-English."1 Therefore, it is easy to assume that even the most ready-to-learn student will have huge amounts of trouble trying to learn everything in a language that is foreign to them.
English Language Learners range from Newcomers learning survival English and developing foundational literacy skills to Long-Term English Learners who have had 6 years or more of their education in English yet continue have significant language gaps. These students may speak English with little or no accent and still lack the vocabulary, grammar and grade level literacy to be successful in school. English language learners may remain silent in the classroom as they adjust to a new school, environment, and culture unless he is a native language comrade to interact with. The English language learners are concerned about decoding verbal and non- verbal communication as well as understanding the social culture framework of the school. Most of the time English language learners are observing during instruction, trying to repeat words used by others, memorizing simple phrases and sentences, tired by midday or be frustrated attending long lectures unaccompanied by visual and gestures, relying on first language translation used peer translation or bilingual dictionary, as the students begin to learner they become more involved in the classroom, they can respond non-verbally to commands, statements, and questions in simple form. As their oral comprehension increases, they begin to use simple word and phrases and may use English spontaneously. They can understand short conversation on a simple topic when reading students can understand a narrative text and authentic materials, although they will be below
Communication serves various purposes, takes different forms, communication has six characteristics, and trains us how to communicate interpersonally. Communication meets people’s physical, relational, spiritual needs and fills identity needs of human needs. Communication naturally follows a certain process and there are three models or theories that describe this process. Human communication is taken to an action where the user encodes message and conveys it through a communication channel for the receiver to encode, an interaction which explains that our message are shaped by the feedback we receive from others and the context in which we are interacting, or a transaction where both people in a conversation are simultaneously senders and receivers.
Nowak, M. A., Komarova, N. L., & Niyogi, P. (2001). Evolution of Universal Grammar. Science, 291 (5501), 114-118.
Our species has fine-tuned communication to a degree that is far more complex than any other species on Earth. What we call “language” is a system unique to us; no other animal has all of the qualities that constitute a language. According to Hockett, there are certain requirements that need to be met in order for a system of communication to be defined as a language. These requirements include: semanticity, arbitrariness, discreteness, displacement, productivity, and duality of patterning. While animals can use semanticity, (their utterances have meanings), and arbitrariness (no logical connection from signified to signifier), they lack the rest of these parameters, such as productivity: the ability to create utterances that have never
New languages are always overwhelming.English is difficult language to learn, especially if it isn’t practiced often. The english language includes rules that can be frustrating to get a grip of. Many International students face the fear of not being understood or not pronouncing something correct...
Early studies in this field were established by the end of the 1960s. The major focus of the studies was on the comprehension and production of the words. Most of the studies were oriented to psychology. The introduction of this concept into linguistics shifted the attention to the phonological, semantic, and syntactic representations in the mind. Aitchison (1994) described mental lexicon as the permanent human dictionary in which words and their meanings are stored in the brain. On the other hand, Richards (2000) described mental lexicon as the organized mental representations of the concepts and knowledge which are related to the words. There are three scopes of word knowledge; phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic.
Language plays an important in our lives, for children this is a critical time for them to learn how they can use language to communicate effectively from the when they learn through school and into adulthood. While a child goes through school they are exposed to Standard English, but there are diversities that appear in the classroom for example culture plays a part in language development. Gee and Hayes (2011) stated that there are many things that language can be including; a set of rules, a cognitive experience, a social tool or an object, but overall language is something that changed based on culture and social context. Acknowledging and accepting diversity in the classroom in relation to language and language learning is important
Teaching students a language that is foreign can really be challenging for students as well as for the teachers. The dynamic rule for implementing instructing in a diverse class to English-learners is to use resourceful life skills such as diligence, hard work and patience. There are also methods that are involved in teaching English as a second language that can be creative for the teacher, yet beneficial to the student. First building a strong foundation that is essential to English learners will promote the language acquisition process. To do this teacher’s should always start with preparation. Advance preparation is essential in order to provide necessary adaptations in content area instruction and to make content information accessible for second language lear...
In most institutions of learning today, the classes are made up of students from different ethnic backgrounds. These have different traditions and also speak different languages. In a typical classroom, the majority of the students will speak the same language. The teacher must then employ strategies which will accommodate all the students in the class. This will ensure that every learner gets the best quality of education. This will enable them to be better prepared for career and expressing themselves. In this paper, strategies to assist learners of the English language in their literal development for third grade learners. In the paper, three strategies that can be used by the teacher will be discussed. New strategies and research that will help the English language learners to gain in depth mastery of the language will also be discussed. Due to the widespread learning of the English language in most schools, addressing issues of the language learners is of vital importance. Teachers should have the understanding that cultures are what give someone identity and therefore no student should leave their culture for another. Instead, there should be the blending of different cultures so that students can appreciate and learn from each other.
Communication is essential to human life. Every aspect of our daily lives is affected by our communication with others. It can be different types such as verbal, nonverbal and written communication. It is indeed a complex process filled with countless elements, all of which play an important role. The process of communication between human beings has been studied and analyzed outwardly since the beginning of time. The term itself cannot be defined in only one particular way because communication exists in a certain context and is dependable on the communicator and the audience. Example of describing communication is as “the transmission of information, ideas, attitudes or emotions from one person or group to another (or others) primarily through symbols” and “social interaction through messages” (McQuail, 1993). Furthermore, Watson and Hill describe the process of communication as “one which begins when a message is thought up by a sender, who then encodes the message before transmitting it through a particular channel to a receiver, who in turn decodes the message with a certain effect as an outcome” (Price, 1998).The complexity of the whole process is seen through the use of verbal and nonverbal communication on a daily basis, as well as the ability to interact with other human beings on multiple levels, mentally and emotionally. We begin communicating the moment we come out of the womb and do not stop communicating until death. This essay will try to compare and contrast two different communication contexts- interpersonal and mass communication, by using relevant communication models.
Communication can be described as the bestowing or trading of data by talking, composing, or utilizing some other medium (Oxford, 2017). Animals need to communicate for many reasons, such as exchanging their feelings, needs, and experiences. For instance, birds sing and dance to introduce themselves or to look for food. Furthermore, cats rub their fur with our clothes to leave their scents as an expression of ownership. Although animals communicate, they cannot talk like humans. The shape of the mouth and its components, such as lips and tongue are not similar to human. In addition, animals’ communication system does not show any of the four particular qualities that are frequently connected with language, which are discreteness, grammar, productivity,