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Theory of homeopathy
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BACKGROUND PAPER
Plants face many challenges from the environment such as temperature fluctuations and weather impact causing stress to the plant. The oxidative state of a plant helps face its abiotic and biotic stresses. That is because plant hormones such as salicylic acid affects a plant’s nutrient uptake, water intake and regulates photosynthesis. Aspirin is a type of acetylsalicylic acid and has only a low concentrations of salicylic acid since a high amount can be harmful and hazardous in the body (Owen, 2011). Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid was invented by Felix Hoffman. In 1543 BC, Egyptians would use willow bark, which contained salicylic acid, which an acid that is an ingredient of aspirin, that is used as a remedy for pain or fevers. Aspirin is a well-known home remedy that helps
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To have accurate data, it was best to test how the plant would be affected at a variety of different molarities. Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution. Moles are the measure of the amount of material in a solution while molarity measures the concentration of material (Dulai, 2006). The different molarities shows how active the molecules in the solution of aspirin water is. One molar solution (1 M) is the molecular weight of the compound in grams dissolved in a solvent to measure one liter. Molar concentrations tells one of the volume of the solution and the moles or mass of the solute (Khan Academy, 2016). This allows the plant to be in contrasting environments. The dependent variable is the height of the the lima bean and wheat seed plant when finished growing. This will be measured using a ruler in centimeters to allow accurate data points. This is what shows the effects of the different molarity levels on the different type of plants of wheat or lima bean. The taller plant results in a better reaction to the molarity of aspirin
Two members of the group were instructed to visit the laboratory each day of the experiment to water and measure the plants (Handout 1). The measurements that were preformed were to be precise and accurate by the group by organizing a standardized way to measure the plants. The plants were measured from the level of the soil, which was flat throughout all the cups, to the tip of the apical meristems. The leaves were not considered. The watering of the plants took place nearly everyday, except for the times the lab was closed. Respective of cup label, the appropriate drop of solution was added to the plant, at the very tip of the apical meristems.
Although, this experiment is not concluded outdoors, it is provided with efficient light that promotes growth. It’s provided with soil, seed, fertilizer, water and NaCl solutions, to test how salinity effects plant growth.
Table 1 shows averages of each replicate for each series of seeds relating to mortality rate/germination rate, budding rate, and mean plant weight (total, with buds, and without buds).
We used wheatgrass were 40 wheatgrass seeds, two empty pots, soil, and water. We first added soil for both pots and 20 wheatgrass seeds in each pot. My partner and I decided that we label pot one experiment which is “sugar and water” and pot two control which is “water” only. The experiment was for almost four weeks we had to make sure both get the same room temperature and water, so we can see the results after this amount of time. Both pots had same room temperature so both can have the same amount of sunlight also, the same amount of water which is a glass of water from the sink once a week. In the experiment pot we added a glass of water with one teaspoon of sugar and the control pot glass of water. Every week we used to see both pots grow almost the same. At the end of the experiment, my partner and I measured the length for both plants and we recorded the average for each plant, so we can know the rate of growth
Esterification was used to synthesize aspirin which was by reacting salicylic acid with acetic anhydride. To speed up the reaction, dehydrating agent and conc. sulphuric acid was present. The purity of a substance, which is the aspirin in this particular experiment, can be determined by the identification of its melting point.
In this experiment, I was making a sample of aspirin and then testing it in order to see how pure the sample of aspirin was. By doing this experiment, I was leaning how to crystalize products, and then used the theoretical yield, along with the percentage yield in order to calculate the amount of aspirin that I had created in the sample. Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory, and analgesic, meaning this medication can reduce inflammation, fever, and pain by blocking the enzymes that promote these issues, and reducing the production of more of these enzymes all over the body.
Aspirin has grown so much in popularity that about 35,000 metric tons of it is produced and consumed each year to meet the consumer’s demand. 35,000 metric tons is equivalent to 100 billion standard aspirin tablets (10). That many tablets means that the market for aspirin is very good. Today, Aspirin is known as the leading non-prescription medicine of all time. It is the most common pill taken for pain, inflammation and fever. It has grown all over the world, being made available in eighty countries (9). It would not be surprising if one day, all the countries would have aspirin available to them.
Brassica rapa is a mustard plant that can be found throughout North America, and is common in areas undergoing extreme change, such as changes in climate. There is an important relationship between the ecological and genetic factors that influence the growth of Brassica rapa (Mitchell-Olds 1996). So, the environmental elements, as well as the genetic information, are essential to the growth rate and survival of Brassica rapa. This plant is capable of reproducing quickly, and the root systems are usually quite small, although some Brassica rapa have developed larger root systems (Mitchell-Olds 1996). This plant is commonly used in experiments because of its ability to germinate rapidly. Brassica rapa is capable of sprouting within a stage of about two weeks, and this trait allows scientists to perform experiments in a short period of time.
Aspirin contains the substance acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which can relieve inflammation, fever, pain, and known as a “blood thinner”. Aspirin was not officially trademarked until March 6, 1899 when the Imperial Office of Berlin made it official. It has been used for the last 110 years, but its natural form, salicylic acid has been around for thousands by Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Aspirin is available in over 80 countries and known as the best non-prescription drug. The most common use of aspirin is to cure headaches and use it as a pain reliever, but aspirin is known to prevent heart attack and strokes. It was first proposed in 1940, but wasn’t confirmed until 1970 when doctors would recommend taking aspirin daily [1].
The multiple use of plants used for nourishment, medicinal purposes and practical use were ignored by Lewis and Clark during their monumental trek across the United States. Rather than consider the Native Indian’s use of native plants they persisted on using Dr. Rush’s Thunderbolt pills that probably caused more problems than the condition that inflicted them. Many modern day cultures continue to ignore native remedies and have come to depend on synthetic pharmaceutical drug production. In recent years the wealth of indigenous knowledge has been acknowledged revealing the use of native plants and the importance it had in the survival of indigenous people.. Pharmaceutical companies have utilized the immense knowledge of the indigenous people and their use of natural plants. The application of natural plant species have revealed the main reasons mankind has survived into present day. Following is a few of the plants, their application and their specific purposes.
Salicylic Acid(SA) was measured was by measuring 0.5g of plant tissue. The tissue was ground to a fine powder with liquid nitrogen. The acid was then extracted twice with Methan...
The effectiveness of any plant is not due to the action of any one chemical as modern science would have you believe. When plants are synthesized in a lab, they are analyzed to find their most potent and active components. The rest of the plant is left behind. What science is forgetting is that each leaf, stem, flower and root work in their own unique way to deliver what is need to the body.
Analysis of Aspirin Tablets Aim --- To discover the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in a sample of aspirin tablets. ----------------------------------------------------------------- In order to do this, the amount of moles that react with the sodium hydroxide must be known. This is achieved by using the method of back titration.
Pod size ranges from 15-30 mm in length, 7-14 mm in thickness, and 2-15 mm in width. Depending on the basal and apical zones as well as the dorsal and ventral regions, pod shape varies from rhomboid, oblong to ovate. The number of seeds per pod ranges from 1-2, with the maximum being three. The seeds are ramhead or owl's-head shaped, and the surface may be smooth or wrinkled. The length of the seed ranges from 4-12 mm and its width from 4-8 mm. The seed mass varies from 0.10 to 0.75 g per seed. The seeds of kabuli type are large (100 seed mass >25 g), round or ram head, and cream colored. The plant is medium to tall in height, with large leaflets and white flowers, and contains no anthocyanin, whereas the seeds of the desi type are small and angular in shape. The seed color varies from cream, black, brown, yellow to green. There are 2-3 ovules per pod but on an average 1-2 seeds per pod are produced. Chickpea seeds germinate at an optimum temperature (28-33°C) and moisture level in about 5-6 days. Germination begins with absorption of moisture and swelling of the seed. The radicle emerges first followed by the plumule.
·Aspirin (salicylic acid acetate) is an anti-inflammatory (decreases swelling and inflammation), anti-pyretic (fever reducing), and anti-platelet (decreases platelets in the body to thin blood). Many heart treatment patients take an aspirin a day to prevent blood clotting. However, if aspirin is taken in large quantities over long periods of time, it may cause gastric ulcers or other internal damage. The molecular formula of aspirin is C9H8O4. Some examples of Aspirin are Bayer, Ecotrin, and Aspergum.