In this lab we are trying to discover more about the models of inheritance and how to distinguish the differences between the different models and how drosophila, or also known as fruit flies, inherit the traits. We were given four populations and by crossing the offspring of parents with certain traits we were supposed to identify what model of inheritance was used. The four models of inheritance are dominant- recessive, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple allele, and sexlinked. Dominant-recessive is when there is a dominant allele, which is the trait that is fully expressed, and a recessive allele, which is masked by the dominant allele and is not expressed. Incomplete dominance is when both phenotypes, or the visual trait, of the …show more content…
heterozygotes are in between both of the traits and appears as a mixture. Codominance is when both alleles for the trait are expressed at the same time.
Multiple allele is when more that one allele is being crossed and all of the traits are being crossed together. Sex linked inheritance is when the gene for a certain trait is carried on either the X or Y chromosomes for the parent. The goal of this lab is to better understand genetics. The guiding question is, Which model of inheritance best explains how a specific trait is inherited in fruit flies? In first population, the model of inheritance was dominant-recessive and the wild body type is dominant and the aristapedia body type is recessive.In the second population, the model of inheritance is incomplete dominance because the mellow trait crossed with the hyper trait combines to make the spontaneous trait. In the third population, the model of inheritance was sex linked recessive to the yellow colored trait on the X chromosome. In the fourth population, the model of inheritance was a multiple allele autosomal cross for the different traits.
In this lab we were testing to see how the alleles for certain traits were passed on from parent to offspring. We used an online simulator to cross the flies instead of crossing the fruit flies ourselves because
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it was the most effective way to do the lab and it ensured everyone got the same results. Then we were given certain populations and we had to cross the flies´offspring in order to figure out what the mode of inheritance was. On the problems we had to use at least one punnet square to prove which model of inheritance it was. This process kept our information as neat as possible. In our first population we were dealing with wild type and aristapedia body type models. In the first vial we tested wild type to wild type and got all wild type offspring. In the second vial we crossed aristapedia and aristapedia and all of the offspring were aristapedia. Then we crossed aristapedia and wild type and all of the offspring were wild type. This automatically meant that it was a dominant-recessive inheritance because the dominant allele is expressed and the recessive trait is not. The wild type was dominant to the aristapedia which was recessive. We did these certain crosses because it was the most efficient way to start and dive into the problem. In our second population there three different alleles that portrayed three personality traits, hyper, mellow, and spontaneous. In the first vial we crossed a hyper male with a hyper female and got all hyper offspring. Then we crossed mellow male with a mellow female and got all mellow offspring. On the third vial we crossed a spontaneous male with a spontaneous female and the offspring were a mixture of mellow, spontaneous, and hyper. In the final vial we crossed a hyper male with a mellow female and got all spontaneous offspring. The last two crosses stuck out because they produced a mixture of traits and was showing that the model of inheritance was codominance. We did these crosses because we wanted to eliminate the choices of inheritances it couldn't be so we could narrow it down to codominance. In the third population we were focused body color and the choices were yellow or ebony. Our first vial crossed a yellow male and a yellow female and got all yellow female offspring. The second vial was the crossing of ebony male and ebony female and the offspring were all ebony. Our third vial was the crossing of an ebony male and yellow female and the offspring were about equally ebony and yellow but the females were all ebony and the males were yellow. The fourth vial was a crossing yellow male and ebony female and the offspring were all ebony. The third vial was the big sign that signaled that it was sexlinked because all of the females were one color and all of the males were another and it was quite evident that it was expressed by a sex-linked trait. In the fourth and final population we were observing wild type and aristapedia antennae models, the second trait in this was a monothorax body and a bithorax body. We crossed wild-mono and wild-bi and found that the wild-mono trait was dominant. Our second vial was a cross between aristapedia-bi and wild-bi; the wild-bi trait was dominant. Third vial was aristapedia-bi and aristapedia-mono; in this vial there was no true dominant trait, the ratio of the offspring showing these two traits was about 50:50 but it had nothing to do with the sex. Our last vial of this population was aristapedia-mono and wild-mono; in this trial, the wild-mono was dominant. Since we were focusing on two separate traits the model of inheritance had to be multiple allele autosomal. This lab that we demonstrated helped us to learn more about genetics and how certain traits can be passed down.
Other groups had the same results that we ended up with which meant we were doing something right. This experiment was focused on fruit flies, however the same rules apply to humans and most living things, so we can learn where our traits were passed down to us and how. One of Mendel's laws is the law of inheritance and it is the law that is focused on in this lab and is important to our everyday life as
humans. Population 1 Wild x Wild Aristapedia x Aristapedia Wild x Aristapedia Population 2 Hyper x Hyper Mellow x Mellow Spontaneous x Spontaneous Hyper x Mellow Population 3 Yellow male x Yellow female Ebony male x Ebony female Ebony male x Yellow female Yellow male x Ebony female Population 4 Wild monothorax x wild bithorax Aristapedia bithorax x Aristapedia monothorax Aristapedia bithorax x Wild bithorax Aristapedia monothorax x Wild monothorax
In order to figure out the genes responsible, there are several other factors that must be determined. These factors include the number of genes involved, if each gene is x-linked or autosomal, if the mutant or wild-type allele for each is dominant, and if genes are linked or on different chromosomes. Proposed crosses include reciprocal crosses between the pure-breeding mutants of strains A and B with the wild-type will help determine if the genes or sex-linked or autosomal, in addition to which alleles are dominant (8). Another proposed cross includes complementation crosses between pure-breading mutants from strains A and B to determine if one or two genes are involved (8). Furthermore, testcrosses between F1 progeny and pure-breeding recessive mutants from strains A and B, which will help determine if genes are linked on the chromosome or if they assort independently (8). These proposed crosses are shown in the attached
17. Fruit flies normally have eight chromosomes. The diagram below shows the result of meiosis in three fruit flies to produce gametes with the number of chromosomes indicated. The male then mates with both female A and female B to produce three zygotes (1, 2, and 3).
Test 4: All three phenotypic frequencies saw a reduction in their number as the homozygote fishes saw a reduction in their number and were not able to pass on their alleles to create either their colored fish or a heterozygote. Both yellow and blue allele frequencies decreased by the same
The idea of the project was to experiment breeding Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) to figure out if certain genes of that species were sex linked or not (autosomal). A mono-hybrid cross and di-hybrid cross was performed. For the mono-hybrid cross, white eyed female and red eyed male were placed in one vial for them to reproduce. For the di-hybrid cross, red eyed and normal winged flies and sepia eyed and vestigial winged flies were placed in their vial to reproduce. In the mono-hybrid cross the results expected were within a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Expected results similar to the expected desired null hypothesis proposed with what the F1 parental generation breeds. The potential results would have had to have been within the ratios of 9:3:3:1. The results were clear and allowed the null hypothesis to be correct. The white eyed gene in the fruit flies is sex linked. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings are not sex linked and are examples of independent assortment.
In this experiment, Mendelain Models are observed. The purpose of the experiment is to understand how traits are passed from one generation to the other as well as understanding the difference between sex linked and autosomal genes. One particular trait that is observed in this experiment is when a fly is lacking wings, also known as an apterous mutation. In this experiment, we will determine whether this mutation is carried on an autosomal chromosome or on a sex chromosome. The data for this experiment will be determined statistically with the aid of a chi-square. If the trait is autosomal, then it will be able to be passed to the next generation on an autosomal chromosome, meaning that there should be an equal amount of male and
The major topic of this experiment was to examine two different crosses between Drosophila fruit flies and to determine how many flies of each phenotype were produced. Phenotype refers to an individual’s appearance, where as genotype refers to an individual’s genes. The basic law of genetics that was examined in this lab was formulated by a man often times called the “father of genetics,” Gregor Mendel. He determined that individuals have two alternate forms of a gene, referred to as two alleles. An individual can me homozygous dominant (two dominant alleles, AA), homozygous recessive, (two recessive alleles, aa), or heterozygous (one dominant and one recessive allele, Aa). There were tow particular crosses that took place in this experiment. The first cross-performed was Ebony Bodies versus Vestigle Wings, where Long wings are dominant over short wings and normal bodies are dominant over black bodies. The other cross that was performed was White versus Wild where red eyes in fruit flies are dominant over white eyes.
When trying to understand genetics Mendel 's laws are a very big part of it. Mendel 's two laws help us understand and analyze genetic crossings. In our experiment we used drosophila melanogaster flies, a common fruit fly. This was perfect to understand and visualize how the laws take effect. Mendel stated that during the process of genetic crossing; two alleles are formed which then separated to form gametes, which would appear in fertilization. In our experiment we accomplish a cross that determined different eye and body colors. By using the Chi-Square test, we were able to test our results. Our groups hypothesis stated the number of flies from the F2 generation would accommodate Mendelian Genetic Ratio of 9:3:3:1. Our Chi-Square test results
Biologist, Gregor Johann Mendel, discovered how traits passed from one generation to the next. Mendel studied and used pea plants to discover the principles that rule heredity. He found that each parent, father, and mother pass down traits to their offspring, who inherit different combinations of their recessive or dominant alleles-terms introduced by Mendel during the 19th century. Mendel introduced important principles teaching us that recessive traits will only be shown in the phenotype if both alleles are recessive. Mendel’s laws of inheritance include the Law of segregation and the Law of independent assortment.
Flies that began mating on hawthorns now have a population that mate on apples. 2. What is the difference between a.. What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy? Polygenic:
2). As a result, this scientific experiment changed the relationship of humankind and nature by foreseeing the modification of DNA of bacteria, yeast, plants, and animals to discover new medicines and to provide solutions for inherited diseases (Le Vine, 1999, p. 2).
Additionally, Morgan presented the hypothesis that genes are located on chromosomes as a mechanistic consequence of reproduction. They were assisted in formulating this theory and hypothesis through their work on gene mapping. Following the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900, Morgan's research moved on to the study of mutations in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In his renowned Fly Room, at Columbia University, he was able to demonstrate that Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes.
Replicating experiments don’t always end up the same way as the original. Simple because some things can’t be replicated because we won’t follow the steps really carefully. Even in some cases the experiment is followed carefully,
Gregor Mendel, born as Johann Mendel, is considered to be one of the most significant historic scientist of all time. He was an Austrian scientist and monk and is best known as the “Father of Modern Genetics.” He founded the science of genetics and discovered many things that dealt with heredity that still applies to our world today. He is remembered for paving the way for scientists and future generations to come. Unfortunately, Mendel’s work went unnoticed until 16 years after his death and 34 years after he published his research. Though Mendel lay covered in his grave, his work would eventually be uncovered. Although Mendel was not there to see it,
more than half the variation was found to be due to heredity. Among these traits were
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.