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Civil war and reconstruction answers
Civil war and reconstruction answers
Jim crow laws and their affect
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A mob according to online dictionary (2011) refers to an out of control crowd who are bent on causing havoc and reigning terror should they be triggered. Mob justice refers to the activities of a charged group that vents their long held hatred on an individual or groups of people whom they perceive as their enemy. Carrigan & Webb as cited in Parker et al. (2003) state that no other nationals of any country have stood by to watch as the mob plunder and carry out a series of crimes against other citizens as the US did. The mobs according to Ramirez as cited in Parker et al. (2003) pretended to punish one crime while on the other hand committed even greater crimes. The mob law or justice in the United States has been carried out by the whites against mostly the blacks and other minority races and ethnicities. An example of acts of mob violence against minorities in the case where a young Mexican raped a white woman and was subsequently arrested and later the following day whites broke into the jail where the man was held and torched his body claiming that what the man did was an affront to white womanhood (Parker et al., 2003). The paper seeks to explore mob justice in the US; its past, present and the future.
Wood (2009) stated that mob violence was used by the whites to express their dominances and superiority over the other races mostly the blacks. There was constant fear among the blacks and other minority groups whose lives were lived in constant fears since the whites conceived them as criminals whose actions had to be countered by the collective unity of the white supremacists. Mob violence in America escalated after the proclamation of emancipation especially during the reconstruction period. The southerners were not happy...
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...on as America's continuing Civil War. New York: Fordham University Press.
Mead, W. (2011). “American Tinderbox”. The American Interest. Retrieved on 23rd August 23, 2011 from http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2011/08/07/american-tinderbox/
Parker et al. (2003). Beyond black and white: race, ethnicity, and gender in the U.S. South and Southwest. Arlington, Texas: Texas A & M University Press.
Rachleff, P. (2002). Lynching and Racial Violence: Histories & Legacies; Report from a Conference Retrieved on 23rd August 23, 2011 from http://www.macalester.edu/history/rachleffpubs/LYNCHING%20AND%20RACIAL%20VIOLENCE.htm
The online Dictionary (2011). Mob. Retrieved on 23rd August 23, 2011 from http://www.onlinedivtionary.com
Wood, A. (2009). Lynching and spectacle: witnessing racial violence in America, 1890-1940Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
“Hellhounds” in the Trouble in Mind by Leon Litwack: In this reading the author graphically describes lynching as punishment and deterrence for “high-falutin’” blacks. In page 292, distinctions were drawn between a “good” and “bad” lynching – depending on who executed the sentence and the atmosphere of the punishment.
Interestingly, the book does not focus solely on the Georgia lynching, but delves into the actual study of the word lynching which was coined by legendary judge Charles B Lynch of Virginia to indicate extra-legal justice meted out to those in the frontier where the rule of law was largely absent. In fact, Wexler continues to analyse how the term lynching began to be used to describe mob violence in the 19th century, when the victim was deemed to have been guilty before being tried by due process in a court of law.
Lynching of black men was common place in the south as Billie Holiday sang her song “Strange Fruit” and the eyes of justice looked the other way. On the other side of the coin, justice was brought swiftly to those blacks who stepped out of line and brought harm to the white race. Take for instance Nate Turner, the slave who led a rebellion against whites. Even the Teel’s brought their own form of justice to Henry Marrow because he “said something” to one of their white wives (1). Flashing forward a few years later past the days of Jim Crow and the fight for civil rights, several, but not all in the younger generation see the members of the black and white race as equal and find it hard to fathom that only a few years ago the atmosphere surrounding racial relations was anything but pleasant.
On August 28, 1955, fourteen year old Emmett Till was beaten, tortured and shot. Then with barbed wire wrapped around his neck and tied to a large fan, his body was discarded into the Tallahatchi River. What was young Emmett’s offense that brought on this heinous reaction of two grown white men? When he went into a store to buy some bubblegum he allegedly whistled at a white female store clerk, who happened to be the store owner’s wife. That is the story of the end of Emmett Till’s life. Lynchings, beatings and cross-burning had been happening in the United States for years. But it was not until this young boy suffered an appalling murder in Mississippi that the eyes of a nation were irrevocably opened to the ongoing horrors of racism in the South. It sparked the beginning of a flourish of both national and international media coverage of the Civil Rights violations in America.
Wexler, Laura. 2003. Fire in a Canebrake: The Last Mass Lynching in America. Scribner; 2004. Print
Southern Horror s: Lynch Law in All Its Phases by Ida B. Wells took me on a journey through our nations violent past. This book voices how strong the practice of lynching is sewn into the fabric of America and expresses the elevated severity of this issue; she also includes pages of graphic stories detailing lynching in the South. Wells examined the many cases of lynching based on “rape of white women” and concluded that rape was just an excuse to shadow white’s real reasons for this type of execution. It was black’s economic progress that threatened white’s ideas about black inferiority. In the South Reconstruction laws often conflicted with real Southern racism. Before I give it to you straight, let me take you on a journey through Ida’s
Franklin Zimring (2003) examines the relationship between the history of lynching and current capital punishment in the United States argueing that the link between them is a vigilante tradition. He adequately shows an association between historical lynchings and modern executions, though this paper will show additional evidence that would help strengthen this argument, but other areas of Zimring’s argument are not as well supported. His attitudinal and behavioral measures of modern vigilantism are insufficient and could easily be interpreted as measuring other concepts. Also missing from Zimring’s analysis is an explanation for the transition of executions from representing government control in the past to executions as representing community control in the present. Finally, I argue that Zimring leaves out any meaningful discussion of the role of race in both past lynchings and modern executions. To support my argument, using recent research, I will show how race has played an important role in both past lynchings and modern executions and how the changing form of racial relations may explain the transition from lynchings to legal executions.
The population of African Americans from 1865 to 1900 had limited social freedom. Social limitations are limitations that relate “…to society and the way people interact with each other,” as defined by the lesson. One example of a social limitation African Americans experienced at the time is the white supremacy terrorist group, the Ku Klux Klan or the KKK. The KKK started as a social club formed by former confederate soldiers, which rapidly became a domestic terrorist organization. The KKK members were white supremacists who’s objective was to ward off African Americans from using their new political power. In an attempts to achieve their objective, Klansmen would burn African American schools, scare and threaten voters, destroy the homes of African Americans and also the homes of whites who supported African American rights. The greatest terror the KKK imposed was that of lynching. Lynching may be defined via the lesson as, “…public hanging for an alleged offense without benefit of trial.” As one can imagine these tactics struck fear into African Americans and the KKK was achiev...
Waskow, Arthur I. “The 1919 race riots [microform]: a study in the connections between conflict and violence/Arthur I Waskow.” Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1963.
Between 1882 and 1952 Mississippi was the home to 534 reported lynchings’ more than any other state in the nation (Mills, 1992, p. 18). Jim Crow Laws or ‘Black Codes’ allowed for the legalization of racism and enforced a ‘black way’ of life. Throughout the deep-south, especially in rural communities segr...
The terrorization of African Americans in America did not began when the FBI created the counterintelligence program Cointel Pro, people of African descent have been terrorized in the United States since their unwilling arrival to the country in the 17th century. Slavery in America directly depended on the agricultural work of African slaves. Africans were dehumanized and treated no better than cattle in the fields. They were unable to learn how to read and write and had no legal rights whatsoever. The 1857 Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sanford denied citizenship and basic rights to all blacks- free or enslaved. White Americans robbed Africans of their cultures, religions, customs, and humanity in order to keep the Africans under total control. By the late 1700s, the agricultural labor demanded by slavery had been transformed into a racial caste system. The modern day socially constructed concept of race was created to make African Americans believe that they were inferior to the white race. This sense of white inferiority rationalized the enslavement of Africans. African women, men, and children were often raped, beaten, lynched, and even at times put to death to show the power and dominance the white master had over the slave. These violent acts were meant to frighten the African slave to often teach the other slaves a lesson of power and control and to let them know that if you disobey the master, this can happen to you also. Slavery eventually ended in 1963 with the Emancipation Proclamation, but it wasn’t fully abolished until 1965 with the 13th Amendment being passed in the US Constitution.
While Wilkins was studying at the university, there was a brutal lynching of a black man in Duluth, Minnesota. The episode had a profound effect on the dire...
Wu, F. H. (2002). Yellow: race in america beyond black and white. New York: Basic
he had nothing to do after school. Both he and G-Ball joined a gang by choice.