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Strength and Weakness of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Abstract Over the past few years, the use of stem cells have given rise to many new clinical discoveries and advancements for researchers. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are stem cells that are found in bone marrow that can be used to help repair and regenerate certain tissues such as cartilage or fat found in bone marrow. These cells contribute bone marrow transplantation, a method used to help treat patients with various diseases such as sickle cell anemia. With this, researchers have found ways to use mesenchymal stem cells to help achieve the overall cure for the blood disease, sickle cell anemia.
Introduction
A cell is the smallest unit of all living organisms that is necessary for all forms of life. All cells have similar
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For example, mesenchymal stromal cells are sometimes used to create a location for blood stem cells in the bone marrow. In the bone marrow, only 0.01% of the cells are actually said to be mesenchymal stromal cells (Haddad & Saldanha-Araujo, 2014). These cells are capable of acting on all the cells in the immune system, which allows them to undergo proliferation of T cells. Since MSCs are capable of doing this, they are used to treat many diseases. Mesenchymal stromal cells are also responsible for secretion of soluble factors and regulating T-cell generation. A cell located in bone marrow called a hematopoietic stem cell, gives rise to all blood cells. This stem cell is essential for life. Likewise, mesenchymal stem cells are essential in the human body. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative therapy for sickle cell disease known at this time (Kharbanda & Smith, 2014). There are no drugs out on the market which can cause regeneration of cardiac tissue or any other tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells can be used to help this regeneration to …show more content…
This defines these specific stem cells as cells that are capable of regenerating cells in bone marrow and express cell surface markers. Mesenchymal stem cells positively express hematopoietic cell surface markers CD105, CD73, and CD90 and are absent for the expression of CD34, CD45, CD11a, CD19, and HLA-DR (Salem & Thiemermann, 2010). In a study, a patient with sickle cell anemia, was given increased amounts of CD34+ cells that coexpressed the gene gylcophorin A (Luck & Zeng, 2004). The hematopoietic cell surface marker, CD34+ expressing gylcophorin A, helped increase the production of red blood cells. (Luck & Zeng,
The building of the grocery store is like the cell membrane, because it gives it structure and keeps everything inside safe. The security guard of the front door in the grocery store is like the cell membrane, because it says what can come in and out of the cell. The boss of the store is like the nucleus, because they tell the employes what to do and what needs to be done. The floors of the grocery store is like the cytoplasm, because it hold everything in it place, where it need to be. The illes in the store is
The body is composed of cells, which form the basic unit of life. Unique cells found in the body are the stem cells. These cells are biological cells that are not specialized for particular functioning in organisms. They can be distinguished since they have the ability to differentiate or divide into multiple body cells, and their ability to replicate self. They are unique in the way they can renew themselves by undergoing cell division when inactive for a long period. It is also possible to induce stem cells to organs or tissue cells under some conditions. When the cells divide, they replenish the cells in a living organism. They serve as an internal system that repairs and replaces the tissues that are worn out.1 Dividing cells may remain as stem cells or become specialized in their functions, for instance red blood cells, brain or muscle cells.
Several surface makers which expressing from mesenchymal stem cells. Basically, these makers are the cell receptors, adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines and other molecules that have function as a way of communicating with other cells and to carry out their physiological functions. Thus, these makers are adopted to characterize the homogenous mesenchymal stem cells. However, the Bone marrow-derived stem cells expression of different surface markers which are still controversy. These cells have a negative expression of CD45 which express in Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) (McKinney-Freeman et al., 2009), CD14 which express in innate immune cells (Cros et al.
As the healthcare field continues to grow and evolve at an accelerated rate, new and advanced technologies are sprouting up everyday and becoming increasingly commonplace. A technology that has garnered both positive and negative attention is transplanting stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells refer to the body's blood forming blood cells (American Cancer Society, 2013). Here is some background information on these types of stem cells. These cells are young and immature.
Sickle Cell Anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder, which increases blood thickness hence affects the smooth flow of blood. This causes by the destruction of red cells where the normal shape of red cell become a stiff sickle shape. As a result, sufficient oxygen does not reach the vital organs. A vaso-occlusive crisis arises from hindrance of blood circulation by sickled blood cells. It is characterized by sturdy pains and in some cases; it may cause permanent organ damage. This paper seeks to formulate a nursing diagnosis, as well as a plan of care that includes nursing interventions and the methods to be used to evaluate whether the interventions are successful (American Sickle Cell Anemia Association).
Now it is known that cord blood has two types of stem cells which offer multiple treatment possibilities (Waller-Wise, 2011). Cord blood contains hematopoietic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells can be utilized for regeneration of blood and immune system. Pluripotent stem cells have the capability to produce multiple tissue types of the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (Einstein & Merkatz, 2008). Both types of stem cells show the ability to be adapted to the treatment of a substantial range of diseases including neurologic, cardiovascular, endocrine, orthopedic, and ophthalmic conditions (Einstein & Merkatz, 2008).
Stem cell research began in 1956 when Dr. E Donnall Thomas performed the first bone marrow transplant (“Adult stem cells are not more promising,” 2007). Since that time, research has evolved into obtaining cells from a variety of tissues. According to stem cell research professors, Ariff Bongso and Eng Hin Lee (2005), “Stem cells are unspecialized cells in the human body that are capable of becoming cells, each with new specialized functions” (p. 2). Stem cells are in various adult tissues, such as bone marrow, the liver, the epidermis layer of skin, the central nervous system, and eyes. They are also in other sources, such as fetuses, umbilical cords, placentas, embryos, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are cells from adult tissues that have been reprogrammed to pluripotency. Most stem cells offer multipotent cells, which are sparse...
These cells exist throughout the body after embryonic development, they are found inside different types of tissue (organs) of the body such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin and the liver. They remain in a non-dividing state for years until activated by a disease or tissue injury. Adult stem cells, which are also called somatic stem cells, these cells can only produce specialized cells for that particular tissue type. Somatic stem cells are used as treatment for blood related diseases such as leukemia. Most types of somatic cells are present in low abundance and are difficult to isolate and grow in culture.
“Stem Cells: The Future of Medicine.” Medschool.umaryland.edu. University of Maryland School of Medicine Web 14 Nov 2013
The wide range of prospective uses for stem cells could greatly improve the health and wellbeing of many people. In stem cell treatments, undifferentiated cells are programmed to form specific cells, which can then be transplanted to the afflicted area. Stems cells can possibly treat afflictions including “Alzheimer’s diseases, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis” (“Stem Cell Basics”). Another important use is in drug testing. Drugs can be tested on stem cells that develop into the target tissue before using it on human test subjects, which improves safety. Finally, transplantation of organs created from stem cells could eliminate the need for human...
These cells have the potential to cure diseases such as heart disease or diabetes, but we are still not fully understanding of stem cells in order to do so. Adult stem cells are found in many organs and tissues throughout the body in order to replace old / dying cells, but are not in abundance. The primary function of an adult stem cell is to repair and maintain the tissue it is residing at. These type of cells are already assigned their own organ, but can still potentially be used for something greater in the medical field
Acute severe pain is the hallmark of SCD and one of the major causes of hospitalization (Roy et al., 2017, Pizzo et al., 2015). Sickle cell pain is said to be worse than postoperative or trauma pain and is as intense as metastatic bone cancer pain (Wilkie et al., 2010, Jenerette and Leak, 2012). Further, increased severity and frequency of pain episodes is associated with shortened survival in patients with SCA (Platt et al., 1991, Maitra et al., 2017). Polymerisation of sickle Hb on deoxygenation is an initiating step of macro and microvascular occlusion and tissue infraction (Lu et al., 2016, Stockman et al., 1972, DeBaun et al., 2014). Tissue damage leads to vascular occlusion that trigger a series of events referred as nociception. Studies
The Cell, the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multicellular organisms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t be able to live or function correctly. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class the other day we studied the Animal Cell. We were split into groups of our own and we each picked a different animal cell slide to observe. My group chose the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';.
...there are some risk factors in using stem cell for therapeutic approaches, hematopoietic stem cell therapy by bone marrow transplantation has already been proofed to be safe if donors’ background and screening, cell contamination, HLA matching and opportunistic or nosocomial infections during immunocompromised period were carefully monitored and controlled. Still, other types of stem cell therapies, despite of their good therapeutic efficacy, are remain in experimental stage and need more data to support and demonstrate the safety in clinical trials. More understanding of stem cell biology is also required in order to keep stem cell under controlled and avoid some complications that they might cause. So, to pave the way for successful stem cell therapy, research in this extent is needed to pursue to maximized therapeutic efficiency with highest safety in patients.
Researchers in this field are seek to know how stem cells can be used to develop into specialized cells or tissue, which aims restore lost function in damaged organs or even grow new fully functioning organs for transplant.