During WW 1 psychiatrist Thomas W. Salmon advised the US armed forces to screen recruits and exclude “insane, feeble-minded, psychopathic, and neuropathic individuals.”with schizophrenia and mental retardation, conditions that would not give adequate service. The US armed forces rejected 2%. By the end of the war, there had been too many cases of mental breakdown and thatwas because screening had not been sufficiently stringent. Screening during WW 2, US psychiatrists would weed out individuals predisposed to breakdown, which would reduce or eliminate mental health problems during deployment. In December 1940, Harry Stack Sullivan, a psychoanalyst, believed that the US armed forces should exclude individuals suffering from mental illness and those with neurosis or maladjustment. military officials approved of screening programs because the armed forces would be made up of the most able men. Between 1941 and 1944, Sullivan’s screening methods excluded 12% (almost 2 million) of 15 million men examined. 37% were excluded on neuropsychiatric grounds. during World War II: the reported incidence rate for war neurosis in the US armed forces was at least double the rate during World War I. The failure of selection combined with the need for manpower led military …show more content…
officials to criticize psychiatrists. Screening was the abolished in 1944. To this day, mental health consequences of war are poorly defined, with shifting diagnostic categories, uncertain theoretical foundation that provided a challenge to the development of mental health problems during deployment. It challenged psychiatrists to explore stresses of warfare. Aware that screening for ill mental health would not prevent psychiatric problems in the US armed forces, military psychiatrists devoted attention to the management of psychological distress during deployment.
During World War I, British psychiatrists saw a condition called shellshock.Its symptoms included stuttering, crying, trembling, paralysis, stupor, mutism, deafness, blindness, anxiety attacks, insomnia, confusion, amnesia, hallucinations, nightmares, heart problems, vomiting, and intestinal disorders. Soldiers suffering from shell shock were unable to fight. Military officials were convinced that they were malingerers or cowards. Military physicians viewed this condition as neurological in
nature After World War I, In 1921, 27% of all hospitalized ex-servicemen were defined as neuropsychiatric cases. The American Legion was convinced that these soldiers deserved the best treatment and were entitled to a pension. Psychiatrists wondered whether their efforts had contributed to the ex-servicemen who still suffered from psychiatric disability after the war. After World War II, most psychiatrists considered aiding returning soldiers to integrate into society primarily a job for families and the local community. The benefits of the GI Bill of Rights (the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) included funding for higher education and easier access to mortgages, aided many veterans. and provided employment and social support. In 1945, new Veterans Administration hospitals were established with medical schools, guaranteeing the best medical services for veterans. In June 1947, a little less than half a million patients with neuropsychiatric disabilities received pensions from the Veterans Administration. Before the Vietnam War, psychiatric consensus held that soldiers who recovered from an episode of mental breakdown during combat would suffer no long-term consequences. Psychiatric disability after the war was believed to be preexisting conditions. military psychiatrists devoted little attention to postwar psychiatric syndromes. A major shift in psychiatric interest in war-related psychiatric disability took place after the Vietnam War. Fifteen years after the United States withdrew from Vietnam, an epidemiological survey concluded that 480 000 (15%) of the 3.15 million Americans who had served in Vietnam were suffering from PTSD. psychiatry’s involvement with the military during the wars of the 20th century had a significant effect on the development of new models of mental health care today.
One of the major diseases that almost permanently affected the soldiers was Shell Shock which was due to constant exposure to horrific scenes of death. Source A1 is an extract from a historian writing for the First World war aimed at students, focuses on ...
The war scarred the soldiers permanently, if not physically then mentally. After the war the soldiers usually never recovered from the war. Two of the most common side affects of the war were shell shock and stir crazy. When suffering from shell shock a soldier’s brain doesn’t function properly and the man is a “vegetable”. This means the man is alive but he can’t do anything because he is in a state of shock because of the war. Stir crazy is a mental illness caused by the firing of so many bullets that when no bullets are heard by the victim he goes insane. Everyone was scared to go to war when it started. Young recruits were first sent because the veterans knew they were going to come back dead. "When we run out again, although I am very excited, I suddenly think: “where’s Himmelstoss?” Quickly I jump back into the dug-out and find him with a small scratch lying in a corner pretending to be wounded.” (P 131) Even the big men like Himmelstoss are scared to go fight. They too go through the mental illnesses like stir crazy and shell shock. “He is in a panic; he is new to it too.
Metaphoric Illness also contributes to our fears. One huge issue of the 1990's was GWS, Gulf War Syndrome. The media depicted sick veterans in wheel chairs or beside their deformed children (pg.156) to show us what effect GWS has on its victims. The New England Journal of Medicine did a study comparing 33,998 infants born to Gulf War veterans and 41,463 babies of other military personnel and finding no evidence of an increase in the risk of birth effects for children of Gulf War veterans (pg.157). This has been such an over exaggerated problem and because of this thousands of Gulf War veterans have undergone countless medical exams, rather than going to get the much needed counseling. The real illness is the fear, anxiety and hopelessness of the veterans; these may explain their "health" problems.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), originally associated with combat, has always been around in some shape or form but it was not until 1980 that it was named Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and became an accredited diagnosis (Rothschild). The fact is PTSD is one of many names for an old problem; that war has always had a severe psychological impact on people in immediate and lasting ways. PTSD has a history that is as long and significant as the world’s war history - thousands of years. Although, the diagnosis has not been around for that long, different names and symptoms of PTSD always have been. Some physical symptoms include increased blood pressure, excessive heart rate, rapid breathing, muscle tension, nausea, diarrhea, problems with vision, speech, walking disorders, convulsive vomiting, cardiac palpitations, twitching or spasms, weakness and severe muscular cramps. The individual may also suffer from psychological symptoms, such as violent nightmares, flashbacks, melancholy, disturbed sleep or insomnia, loss of appetite, and anxieties when certain things remind them such as the anniversary date of the event (Peterson, 2009).
The symptoms of shell shock were numerous and varied from soldier to soldier. Physical effects ranged from trembling, sweating, insomnia, diarrhea, and minor twitches to paralysis, blindness, and muteness. Victims also experienced anguish, anxiety, and the inability to control their emotions. As a result, most were unable to separate their past from reality. During the war, psychologist Karl Bimbaum observed "great weariness and profuse weeping, even in otherwise strong men" (Spiller). Many of the soldiers exhibited what Sigmund Freud termed conversion disorders, which were subconsciously-formed problems such as the inability to walk, talk, see, or hear (Stuttaford). These symptoms were beyond the patients' control.
War changes people. Usually when one thinks of war, blood, battle and death are the first things that come to mind, but psychological trauma is over shadowed by these popular thoughts. Though war, on the surface, is focused on such gory aspects, The Wars by Timothy Findley shows us an angle where the chaos of war significantly affects a soldier’s mind mentally. War definitively effects the life of all soldiers, so much so that they may show signs of insanity after, or even during battle. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder triggered when a victim experiences a significantly traumatic event in their life, and has difficulty returning to life as it was (“Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder”). Insanity as defined by Psychology
An outcome of World War I was a new medical disorder classified as Shell Shock. Shell Shock is a medical disorder developed to describe the symptoms that soldiers developed without a probable or obvious lesion as the cause after serving time on the war front. Shell Shock is one of the most prominent injuries of World War I; the symptoms varied among each soldier, treatments were still being developed, and doctors were still trying to understand the severity of the disorder. The symptoms soldiers described are due to the stress they encountered while they served on the front line. Shell Shock is a condition that soldiers have begun to develop after serving in the war.
The sense of ambiguity that surrounded neurasthenia had a large effect on society's views of neurasthenic patients. Although World War I was one of the first instances where people recognized that mental disorder or disease might be responsible for actions that were otherwise characterized as cowardly, there remained a strong sense that diseases like neurasthenia were ultimately the result of a weak will. Robert Martensen describes neurasthenia as giving people a "socially legitimate explanation of their inability to perform their expected roles" (1243).
War can be as damaging to the human body as it is to the mind. In Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, this idea that war causes psychological disorders is represented throughout the book through the main character, Paul Baumer. This book follows the lives of young soldiers in World War I. Together, these men create powerful bonds. They go through terrifying experiences that continue to strengthen their bonds, but also destroy their mental state. Through Paul’s eyes, Remarque shows the devastation that war has on the mind.
A survey of OEF/OIF Veterans identified major rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, alcohol-related problems, social and family problems, and suicidal behavior. However the most alarming statistic is not about deployment rates or rates of diagnoses, the most alarming fact is that fewer than 10% of those diagnosed with PTSD or depression have received the recommended the mental health treatment upon re-integration into society. The dropout rate at the Veterans Association (VA) PTSD clinics is distressingly high as well when looking into VA records it was found that 68% of OEF/OIF Veterans dropped out of their prescribed counseling and programs prior to completion (Garcia et al., 2014). Because most of these men were deployed mul...
According to a veteran, anxiety and depression are often misdiagnosed as PTSD. Since the Vietnam War, the occurrence and diagnosis of PTSD has skyrocketed. After a sev-ere reduction in the rate of PTSD in veterans where poorly documented PTSD cases were culled from the collection, Bruce P. Dohr-enwend of Columbia found a 13% reduction in the lifetime rate of PTSD; in a continuation of Dohr-enwend’s work, McNally concluded that a majority of PTSD patients were fit to live in everyday life, re-ducing the lifetime rate of PTSD by another 7% (Dobbs 2). In addition, many veterans have been known to be over- or under-reporting their PTSD symptoms, making the accurate diagnosis even more trouble-some.
As revelation spread about a great war of many countries, panic among medical officials escalated. Psychologists, however, were preparing. At Harvard, Edward B. Tichener, who partook in constituting psychology as an experimental science, held the annual meeting of “experimentalists.” The Leadership of American Psychology members attended this meeting subsequent to American entry two days before. Upon discussing the psychological role in the war, the meeting progressed into an American Psychological Association (APA) emergency meeting. To assist with war efforts, the APA placed psychologists into ‘roles.’ These psychologists were to take in military recruits and develop group intelligence tests. More than three million military recruits were to be evaluated by job selection tests. Also, as an appraisal for problems pertaining to psychopathology, psychologists were positioned in army hospitals. Psychologist Harry Hollingworth was one of these psychologists. He was to examine and diagnose soldiers that had suffered from the mental illness “Shell Shock”—otherwise known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This disorder went through gradual realization during World War One creating unimaginable statistics, symptoms, and cases.
Shell Shock was one of the most deadly digenous for any army person to have to be told that they suffer from shell shock. They knew they would be different when they come home from the battle some of the soldiers even had to leave because they could function on there own. Shell shock was first off doctors thought that it was because of the bombs but then there was reports of shell shock when people were not on the trench’s. Shell shock was caused by a shock in the brain when soldiers was close by a bomb or got hit with one the reason this is because of the sound waves cause you brain to get confused and they send shock waves to the rest of your body to cause damage (2). The first ever cause was a range of perceptual abnormalities such as loss of hearing and slight and was sensation to load noise and flashing lights.Some of the aftermath is people could become blind or lost of memory the most extreme cases
Mental health refers to the state of individuals psychologically, emotionally and socially. Mental health affects a person’s emotions, feelings, thoughts, and sections when exposed to different situations. Furthermore, mental health is responsible for a person’s reaction to stress and other social conditions. Generally, mental health affects how a person relates to others and their ability to understand and interact with them. Therefore, problems that affect a person’s mental health affect the abilities to socialize, their feelings, moods, reaction to situations. The person experiencing mental health problem may portray different behaviors when confronted with different issues. Mental health issues have several