Medical Research Outline
I. Introduction
Beep! Beep! Beep! The heart monitor beeps every time his heart does the boys face is unemotional to him its already over. As he sleeps next to him are all his family members many speechless and most in tears as they watch the 13 year old boy’s last moments. Hooked up to a breathing machine because his lungs are now useless he struggles for each breath; and yet it still monitor still…beeps… beep … but, all of a sudden without notice the beeps begin to come closer and closer together and then louder to where you here it down the hallway. The beeps become increasingly so close that its almost one perpetual sound and then without notice it becomes one. The monitor’s green line that at one point in time was bouncing is now a steady flat line…Another life lost to cancer, what a shame. Medical research is essential to our way of life everyday people just as the one that I described to you moments ago will lose their lives not just cause of cancer but because other afflictions such as AIDS, or as diabetes.
II. Medical Research saves lives
A. For example, vaccines for diseases are found only due to research
1. John F. Enders found vaccine for polio in 1954
2. Since polio vaccinations outbreaks declined from 57,879 to just a few each year
B. In addition, the American virologist Albert Sabin developed the oral vaccine
1. The trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV) was licensed in 1960
2. (TOPV) replaced the Salk injectable vaccine as the standard immunizing agent in the United States.
C. Furthermore, viruses like yellow fever have almost been wiped out
1. Walter Reed found that yellow fever is transmitted through mosquitoes
2. Through sanitation yellow fever was virtually exterminated since 1901
D. Due to research like this viruses such as these will hopefully never comeback
III. Some diseases can be more easily cured or eradicated
A. For example, Alice C. Evans discovered that raw cow milk has a deadly disease called bacillus’s.
1. Now all milk intended for human consumption has to be pasteurized
B. In addition, Rene J. Dubos French-born American bacteriologist
1. Noted for his major contribution to antibiotics
2. He also developed penicillin and other antibiotics like streptomycin and tetracycline’s.
C. Furthermore, scientist Ferdinand Cohn
1. Discovered the nature and principal of bacterial spores
2. One of his most famous findings is that of anthrax
D.
The act of whistle-blowing is an ethical issue that all employees have the right to. Whether they decide to make the corrupt information known publicly or anonymously, the information they provide can protect everyone involved. The ethical and moral sides of whistle-blowing can go both ways. In order to protect the customers, patients, or consumers of the harmful products the companies are offering, employees that have morals and feel the need to make the truth be known have an ethical responsibility to do so. Issues of being a whistle-blower are more controversial than the responsibilities of the employees doing so. When a whistle-blower takes action, they expose information from their company that it not meant to be public. They basically turn their backs away from their company and colleagues by revealing the truth. When surveying these issues, an employee who is torn by exposing information or keeping silent must decide whether it is more ethical to stay loyal to their organization or to the organization's
CPA’s have a confidentiality obligation to not distribute client information, which extends to the actions of the firms that deal with client matters, such as failed audits (workplaceethicsadvice.com). A whistleblower can come out and show these audits that are kept a secret and be protected under the Dodd-Frank Act. The Dodd-Frank Act allows accountants to come forward without punishment and possibly be rewarded with a financial bonus. Even though there will not be any punishment for being a whistle blower, accountants still hesitate because of the image it sends to the companies they may be working for. Corporate accountants might be seen as dishonest or disloyal if they blow the whistle on the wrongdoing of their
According to Bandman & Bandman (1995), critical thinking is defined as the rational examination of ideas, inferences, assumptions, principles, arguments, conclusions, issues, statements, beliefs and actions. In this subject ‘Critical Thinking in Nursing’ has emphasized critical thinking as an essential nursing skill and its definition of critical thinking have evolved over the years. In short, the general definition of critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored and self-corrective thinking. Every nurses must cultivate rigorous standards for critical thinking, however they cannot avoid completely the situatedness and structures of the clinical traditions and practices. They must make decisions and act quickly according to
Huan, L. & Yazdanifard, R. (2012). The Differences of Conflict Management Styles and Conflict Resolution in Workplaces. Business & Entrepreneurship Journal. 1(1), 141-155.
This paper will discuss several different aspects of using evidence research. It will compare and contrast validity vs. reliability and address wither it is possible to have an instrument that is valid and not reliable. It will also examine type I and type II errors as well as examine the differences between parametric and non-parametric. Lastly, this paper will look probability and what the minimum level of significance is for a research paper.
Clinical trial is biomedical or health related research studies in human being that follow a pre-defined protocol. Research is an activity designed to test a hypothesis that helps in concluding and developing knowledge. It is a protocol that has an objectives and procedures to reach those objectives (1). There are two types of clinical studies. One is interventional studies in which the research subjects are assigned by the investigator to a treatment or other intervention, and their outcomes are measured. Second is an observational study in which individuals are observed and their outcomes are measured by the investigators.
Weeks, D. (1992) The eight essential steps to conflict resolution: preserving relationships at work, at home, and in the community. New York: Tarcher/Putnam.
Jansson defines social policies as “collective strategies to prevent and address social problems.” They are “collective” because they are binding on those populations, communities, companies, and jurisdictions to which they apply (Jansson, 2016, p. 22). For example, the United States government have created policies to address the needs of a variety of social issues such as food and nutrition, assistance for needy families, housing assistance, health, unemployment benefits, equal opportunity, anti-discrimination laws, child welfare, and mental illness (Marx, n.d.). These social policies help promote the disadvantage, advance social change, ensure social protection from discrimination, and improve well-being of vulnerable individuals, families and children. Jansson (2016) noted “the policies are vertically distributed at the federal, state, and local government; community; and agency or organizational levels” (Jansson, 2016, p. 24).
Conclusively, critical thinking abilities and expertise apply to thinking, reading, speaking, writing, and listening. Nurses need to decode a thought accurately, clearly, quickly and logically for other people to understand what they are saying or writing without any misunderstanding. Therefore, it undertakes a special individual to be a professional nurse. It undertakes the skill to take a theory, idea or problem, assess it, resolve it, as well as lucidly communicate it. This is one of the challenges of nursing; reflective, critical practice based upon the sound thinking of intellectual minds dedicated to safe, efficient patient care. One cannot assume or guess solutions as, those solutions have to be based upon specific principles, and be able to defend one’s thinking with proof.
Conflicts and disputes are one of the major aspects in society that need to be dealt with on a regular basis. When these conflicts and disputes arise in the workforce, at home, in an institute, or/and in public, there needs to be some form of resolution in order to resolve and maintain a peaceful environment. Conflicts are a part of a healthy relationship, however at times, these conflicts need to be resolved using a conflict resolution process. Although there are several processes that can be used to solve conflicts, mediation and advocacy are two of the most common conflict resolution processes that can be utilized to come to a harmonious conclusion or resolution. Even though mediation and advocacy may seem to fall under the same category, these two are individually and specifically used for certain problematic scenarios as they both uniquely utilize distinctive skills and steps.
If the problem is substantial, the owner of the company has many things to think about. Mainly, whether or not the statement will hurt the businesses reputation. According to Michael McMillan, author of Retaliation against Whistleblowers: No Good Deed goes Unpunished in the Enterprising Investor's Collection of the CFA Institute, ethics in a business has to be the main key to success. Otherwise there is room for exceptions that become larger problems. To ignore a whistleblowing statement, even if it's best for the company to let it slide under the rug, will pile up that will eventually be unable to ignore. Ignoring the problem will leave the owner with multiple liabilities. In most cases, those liabilities are: the whistleblower knowing that their statement is being ignored, the wrongdoing continues to happen and the build up will only make a bigger explosion. In heated situations that could potentially hurt the company, owners and decision makers will want to place blame. They intend to put the blame on someone else to ensure the company does not go down. This leaves the original Whistleblower with a big decision, is it important enough to risk it
In the recent past, there have been several employees who have brought to light corrupt and unethical business practices on the part of their employer. Whistleblowers are known as internal and external individuals who disclose their firms’ illegal behavior. When faced with such an accusation, some companies have tried retaliating against the informer (Beatty 743). As a result of these cases, there are numerous laws that exist that protect employees from retaliation. Within this paper, the most significant whistleblowing protection statutes and acts will be discussed, as well as, important cases, and the ethics behind whistleblowing.
According to Bolman and Deal (1997), conflict happens because of a variety of factors. Individual differences in goals, expectations, values, and suggestions about how to best manage a situation are unavo...
Working in any environment, some people are subject to see things that may be illegal or unethical. In any situation like this, how do you determine the best decision, whether to keep quiet or speak out? According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, a whistle-blower is one who reveals something, converts or informs against another person’s transgression in the workplace. In 1989, the United States passed the Whistleblower Protection Act. This act protects federal employees in the workplace if they report any misconduct or wrongdoing. Whistle-blowing is becoming more universal, however is it really worth the whistle-blowers risk and integrity? I will attempt to analyze key facts regarding
“The fact that critical thinking relies upon criteria suggests that it is well-founded, structured, and reinforced thinking, as opposed to “uncritical” thinking, which is amorphous, haphazard, and unstructured.”2 For instance, it is important in the academic field because it facilitates the individual to analyze, evaluate, and explain their thought in a clear manner. However, having this knowledge of logical inquiry doesn’t exempt people from making mistakes. Character traits such as bias can affect the effectiveness of the critical thinking process. Critical thinking skills can also be used by nurses during patient assessments. Through critical thinking, nurses can come to conclusive diagnosis or decisions of the situation at hand. Some Colleges now-a-days are including this skills in their curriculum to continue the professional development of their