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Integration of women into military
Integration of women into military
Women in military profession essay
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This paper has thus far outlined how not only the United States’, but militaries in general, are inherently gendered and favor men and masculinity. These structures have been used in the past and today to keep women out of the military and/or out of combat positions. Even though Secretary Carter opened up all combat positions in the U.S. Armed Forces to women in December 2015, there are still gendered mechanisms in the military preventing women from achieving equality with their male counterparts, in more ways than one. This paper will now address just one of these current effects, arguing that the gendered military institutions are preventing women from the ability to register for the draft. The Military Selective Service Act of 1917 …show more content…
Article One, Section Eight of the U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to raise and provide for the military, so the power to conscript lays with the legislature. The Selective Service legislation outlines the procedure for registering for the draft, which is the subject in question since actual conscription hasn’t occurred in the U.S. since 1973. According to the Selective Service Act, all those who are stated above required to register must, “present himself for and submit to registration at such time or times and place or places, and in such manner, as shall be determines by proclamation of the President and by rules and regulations prescribed …show more content…
Marine Corps Commandant General Robert Neller testified to Congress that, “now that the restrictions that exempted women from [combat jobs] don’t exist, then you’re a citizen of the U.S. It doesn’t mean that you’re going to serve, but you go register.” General Neller seems to believe that barring women from combat diminished their status as citizens, which is hard to fully dispute when the non-citizen males in the U.S. were given civic duties over women. Opponents to female registration still make appeals to the traditional ideal woman. Republican Congressman Stephen Buyer questioned whether America was ready to, “see one of its daughters half-naked dragged by a rope through the streets.” GOP presidential candidate, Ted Cruz, has made similar appeals, saying drafting women would be “nuts” and goes against “common sense.” Cruz criticizes, “the idea that their government would forcibly put them in a foxhole with a 220 lb. psychopath trying to kill them.” Even after combat positions have been legally opened to women, there are still many prominent people appealing to traditional doubts and criticisms of a woman’s ability and
The military is trying to find new ways to recognize the fact that women now fight in the country’s wars. In 2011 the Military Leadership Diversity Commission recommended that the Department of Defense remove all combat restrictions on women. Although many jobs have been opened for women in the military, there is still 7.3 percent of jobs that are closed to them. On February 9, 2012, George Little announced that the Department of Defense would continue to reduce the restrictions that were put on women’s roles. The argument that “women are not physically fit for combat” is the most common and well-researched justification for their exclusion from fighting units. It has been proven if women go through proper training and necessary adaptations, they can complete the same physical tasks as any man. Though there seem to be many reasons from the exclusion of women in the military, the main ones have appeared to be that they do not have the strength to go through combat, would be a distraction to the men, and that they would interrupt male bonding and group
One subculture within the United States is that of the US Army. The Army defends the nation against all enemies, foreign and domestic. It is an exclusive group since not everyone in the country serves in the Army.
In a film we saw recently, one of the speakers, Dr. John Houghton was speaking on socialization. One remark he made, to the effect that what we, as individuals, become is based on what chances we are given and what we learn (Research Methods, 1996), was considered so important that it was repeated again at the end of the film. His statement fits perfectly with the topic of this study: the re-socialization of young men into the warrior society of the United States Marine Corps. Unlike the recruiting efforts of the other services, which seem to focus on what you have to gain by serving with them, the Marine Corps’ recruiting philosophy has always been one of challenging; giving young men the chance to prove that they have what it takes to be U.S. Marines. “We Never Promised You a Rose Garden,” “Take up the Challenge,” and “The Marine are Looking for a Few Good Men” are all recruiting slogans aimed at inviting prospective Marines to prove they have what it takes to be a Marine. This philosophy seems to work because the Marine Corps is the one branch of service that consistently meets its recruiting goals year after year. The question here is whether or not the re-socialization process is necessary and does it serve a useful purpose. If it does, what is that purpose?
The American military draft was put into affect in 1940 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Selective Training and Service Act. The draft was a system that was an involuntary requirement of those who were of age and proper health. Young American men between the ages of eighteen and twenty five who were in good health and of a stable mental state were required by the government to register. These men would register with the Selective Service therefore they could be found easily in a time of need. The draft required these young men to sign up to serve their country involuntarily because it was to benefit the country, to make it easier to respond and protect in a time of war or crisis. In 1973,
War has been a mainstay of human civilization since its inception thousands of years ago, and throughout this long and colorful history, warriors have almost exclusively been male. By repeatedly taking on the fundamentally aggressive and violent role of soldier, Man has slowly come to define Himself through these violent experiences. Although modern American society regulates the experiences associated with engaging in warfare to a select group of individuals, leaving the majority of the American public emotionally and personally distant from war, mainstream American masculinity still draws heavily upon the characteristically male experience of going to war. In modern American society, masculinity is still defined and expressed through analogy with the behavior and experiences of men at war; however, such a simplistic masculinity cannot account for the depth of human experience embraced by a modern man.
The inadequacy to register into the draft could result in the forfeiture of the rights and privileges that are given to the average American. With
Now, the U.S. military consists entirely of volunteer soldiers, and the draft has been discontinued, though while being discontinued, Government requests that all citizens sign for national service when they come of age to enlist. In common vernacular this means that government wants all citizens to sign what is essentially a draft form when our draft has been disbanded; this legal document will force some citizens to work for the government in a way remarkably similar to the draft. (Hasbrouck)
The first selective service act was approved in 1917 by President Woodrow Wilson and U.S congress . This act was called conscription this meant that all men between the age of twenty-one and thirty had to register in the U.S military. President Wilson declared that whoever failed to meet the standards of registering would be charged with misdemeanor and put in jail for no more than a year . One famous person who refused to go into the draft was professional boxer Muhammad Ali. When he refused to go he had to pay a fine of ten thousand dollars and five years in prison. Some people of the draft could not pass the physical part of the army but still were sent out. Thousand’s untrained soldiers were sent to war because of the lack of troops the U.S had in the war zone.
Men have always been looked upon as the leading sex. Looking back through history women have been the ones who take care of the home and children, while men are the ones who work and go to war. However in recent years there’s no doubt that women have become much more equal in the work force. Nevertheless men are still the ones who are forced to fight our wars when the time calls for it. Many think that women should be entirely equal to men having their choice to be drafted taken away but the fact is that they are physically at a disadvantage, too emotionally oriented, and the increase of female presence would have a more negative impact in the military in the way of social interactions.
Since the resolution of World War II, the United States has been involved in over fifteen extensive military wars. Recent wars between Iraq and Afghanistan are being fought over several issues which affect women in both the United States and the other nations. While the military is often thought of a male dominated institution, women are present and affected all throughout the system as soldiers, caretakers, partners, and victims. Transnational feminists often fight against war due to the vulnerability that is placed on women during times of war. Despite often being overlooked, there is no doubt that women are heavily included in the devastating consequences of war.
Over forty years has passed since the United States inducted the last draftee through the Selective Service System. The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States, which gives the President the right or power to conscript men for military service. There have been different Acts passed by congress since 1917 that require men of various ages to register for service. Although, the name of each Act and the age requirements of the registries changed, the Acts were all similar in nature. They all gave the President the right to call men to war when he deemed necessary. In January 1973, Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird announced the creation of the all-volunteer service, retracting the need for the draft (GAO.gov). Under current law, all men between the ages of 18-25 must register within 30 days of their 18th birthday, however this information is used mostly for recruitment purposes and in case of any future crisis. There has been much controversy over this matter since the Vietnam War, when people started to realize the draft was unfair due to loopholes and draft exemptions making the draft unfair for working men. At one point in time the military draft may have been necessary, but today’s all-volunteer military has eliminated the need for a draft.
The first reason that women in the United States Navy have proven that they do belong is because many women have overcome gender-based biases. In Brian Mitchell’s book ‘Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster’ he clearly states his opposition of women being in the military. “Forthe opponents of integration, the requirement that the authority of the service ‘must be exercised within a program providing for the orderly and expeditious admission of women’ meant that there would be no ‘survival of the fittest’ in the admissions process: the services were compelled to admit some women one way or another.” He believes that women are not worthy of being admitted to the services and that it is a requirement forced upon the services to select amount women.
From this, supporters of women joining the draft argue that their involvement in the draft should also reflect on their increasing involvement in the army. However, those who oppose women being apart of the draft argue that equality between men and women is an unrealistic mindset. This is proven in the New York Times with Catherine Rampell’s when she writes “Women earn 92.2 cents on the dollar of what men earn” (1). This is a statistic from 2011 that shows people that complete equality between men and women has still not fully been reached. Furthermore, those opposed to women and the draft argue that if America has not completely reached full equality within the genders, then neither should the army.
When it comes to combat assignments and the needs of the military, men take precedence over all other considerations, including career prospects of female service members. Female military members have been encouraged to pursue opportunities and career enhancement within the armed forces, which limit them only to the needs and good of the service due to women being not as “similarly situated” as their male counterparts when it comes to strength or aggressiveness, and are not able to handle combat situations.
Conscription, also known as drafting, is a practice that requires mandatory enlisting into any of the branches of the armed forces. This practice has been adopted by the United States at the very least two times before and from what I can remember during World War II and the Civil War conscription was being practiced. Nowadays conscription is not practiced in the United States because there isn’t a need for it. Now, if you want to join the army you can do so by volunteering. However, there are people who believe conscription should be brought back. Some people believe that the drafting of younger people might help these young people develop useful skills and cultivate a sense of unity and national pride. Although all of these are valid reasons,