The cationic surfactant molecules obtained from Mannich bases possess excellent fungicidal property along with good biocidal property against Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria.[139] Mannich reaction also plays a significant role in bioactive skeleton target synthesis. Chernov et al. reported the synthesis of alkaloid-like molecules 22 and 23 from lambertianic acid via Mannich-type intramolecular ring closure reaction (Figure 6).[140]
Figure 6
Mannich bases can also be used in synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds, amino- alcohols etc. Also they can be used as dyes for synthetic fibres, as surface active compounds, resins, polymers and as reactive dyes.[141]
3.1. As antimicrobial agents
Mannich reaction is used in synthesis of many antimicrobial molecules.[142] [ref:;] The antibacterial properties of compound was studied by Lorand et.al.[143] [ref :]
The amino alkyl chain present in the molecule 24, (Figure 7) provides the molecule
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water solubility, so that it can be easily transported to the site of action. Moreover it displayed much less cytotoxicity.[144][ref:] The Mannich base derivative of isatin-4-amino-Ncarbamimidoyl benzenesulphonamide Schiff’s base 25 was found to be more active than the reference drug sulphaguanidine (Figure 8).[145][ref:] The studies on 2-[(2,6- dichlorophenyl)amino]phenylacetic acid isatin derivatives revealed that the presence of bulky phenyl acetic acid moiety could reduce the antimicrobial potency of isatin derivatives.[146][ref :] The Mannich derivative of indole- 2,3-dione derivative 26 inhibit the growth of bovine viral diarrhea virus in MDBK CODA cells (figure 8).[147][ref:] Joshi et al.
accomplished the synthesis of non-toxic aminoalkyl substituted isonicotinyl hydrazide by Mannich reaction.[148][ref:] The Mannich products were found to be more active against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Karthikeyan et al. reported the synthesis and biological activity of 2,4-dichloro-5- fluorophenyl substituted Mannich base derivatives 27 (figure 8 ).[149][ref:] TheMannich base derivatives showed good antibacterial and antifungal
properties.
Many beneficial qualities occur for S.marcescens upon the production of Prodigiosin. Prodigiosin offers protection to the bacterium, by removing accumulated toxins such as, amino acids. It also offers substantial protection against excessive UV light from sunlight; its antibiotic properties are also used to protect the bacterium.
The Sandmeyer reaction is a versatile means of replacing the amine group of a primary aromatic amine with a number of different substituents.
...ucts are in the wrong conformation, the antibiotic will not work affectively in a patient’s system. This is especially useful when there are a set number of starting products, and one wishes to proceed down a chemical pathway in a certain number of steps. This reaction is also utilized as an “environmentally benign approach [to] solvation” (Morrison, et al., 2001) as well as in the production of “complex natural products” in chemical synthesis (Akiyama, et al., 2009). Robinson Annulation is a useful reaction, but not the simplest, so other types of enantioselective synthesis reactions have also been thought up, including “the Lewis acid catalyzed reaction of” regioselective compounds (Huffman, et al., 1985). Lastly, there is a Robinson Annulation Reaction involved in the synthesis of morphine, one of medicine’s basic “pain killer” medications (synarchive.com).
Lamisil, which is chemically terbinafine hydrochloride, is the premier antifungal drug on the market. It effectively destroys fungal problems ranging from athlete’s foot to onychomycosis. However, Lamisil has a number of problems associated with it, including cost, side effects, and even effectiveness. Therefore, I created two analogs in an attempt to improve Lamisil, which I will discuss in my paper.
However, it provided insight in the context of Diels-Alder reaction at that time[8] and confirmed the morphine structure proposed by organic chemist Robert Robinson[9]. As a result, many chemists eventually discovered an efficient way to produce morphine. The most prominent of which was developed by Kenner C. Rice which proceeded to make 30% of the product with 14 steps[10]. His method is based on the biomimetric route that follows the Grewe cyclization which corresponds to the morphine biosynthesis[10], as illustrated in Figure
The molecular formula of MSG is C5H8NO4Na and molecular mass is 169.111099g/mol. It is a white powder with a melting temperature of 225°C and is soluble in water. MSG is quite stable as it does not change in appearance or quality at room temperature. In acidic conditions (pH 2.2-2.4) and at high temperatures MSG is dehydrated and converted into 5-pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid.
The compound was synthesized according to Experiment 8.2 from the Microscale and Miniscale Organic Chemistry
Introduction: A phase change is a result from the kinetic energy (heat) either decreasing or increasing to change the state of matter (i.e. water, liquid, or gas.) Thus saying, freezing is the phase change from a liquid to a solid which results from less kinetic energy/heat. Also, melting is the phase change from a solid to a liquid which results from adding kinetic energy/heat. So, the freezing and melting point of something is the temperature at which these phase changes occur. Therefore, a phase change will occur when a vial of 10 mL of water is placed into a cup of crushed ice mixed with four spoonfuls with 5 mL of sodium chloride for 30 minutes. If 10 mL of water is placed in an ice bath, it will then freeze at 5 degrees Celsius because the kinetic energy will leave quicker with the ice involved. The purpose of this lab is to observe what temperature the water must be to undergo a phase change.
A precipitation reaction can occur when two ionic compounds react and produce an insoluble solid. A precipitate is the result of this reaction. This experiment demonstrates how different compounds, react with each other; specifically relating to the solubility of the compounds involved. The independent variable, will be the changing of the various chemical solutions that were mixed in order to produce different results. Conversely the dependent variable will be the result of the independent variable, these include the precipitates formed, and the changes that can be observed after the experiment has been conducted. The controlled variable will be the measurement of ten droplets per test tube.
The detailed mechanism of BoNT pathogenicity and the structure-function relationship of BoNT provide invaluable targets for development of the antidotes and inhibitors against botulism. The BoNT molecule is divided in clear functional domains that can operate independently. This feature provides multiple targets for designing therapeutics to treat botulism. High throughput screening and the combinatorial chemistry provide another useful tool for screening the inhibitors against botulism (Cai and Singh, 2007). Early work with zinc metalloprotease inhibitors focused on the well-characterized agents captopril ((2S)-1-[(2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanyl-propanoyl] pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) and phosphoramidon (N-alpha-L-rhamno pyranosyl oxy [hydroxyl phosphinyl]-L-leucyl-L-tryptophan). These compounds, however, were found to have little inhibitory activity against BoNT (Adler et al., 1994, 1999a). Phosphoramidon analogs in which Leu–Trp was replaced by Phe–Glu to resemble the cleavage site of synaptobrevin exhibited little increase in inhibitory activity (Adler et al., 1999a).
Chemical kinetics is a branch of chemistry that involves reaction rates and the steps that follow in. It tells you how fast a reaction can happen and the steps it takes to make complete the reaction (2). An application of chemical kinetics in everyday life is the mechanics of popcorn. The rate it pops depends on how much water is in a kernel. The more water it has the quicker the steam heats up and causes a reaction- the popping of the kernel (3). Catalysts, temperature, and concentration can cause variations in kinetics (4).
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
The difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions is that endothermic absorbs heat and exothermic releases heat. For example, an endothermic reaction was performed in reaction four. Reaction four is where we recorded the temperature of the acetic acid before the reaction took place. We left the thermometer in the solution and poured sodium bicarbonate into the acetic acid. The result was the product dropped 6°C, this was an endothermic reaction because it lost heat, or had the cooling effect. The example for an exothermic reaction was reaction two. We placed a piece of aluminum in CuCl2 and waited for the reaction. The aluminum produced a gas and the product became hot to the touch. This is an example of an exothermic reaction because heat was exerted.
The experiment was to investigate what are the products of a chemical reaction, more specifically, what iron compound is formed. A chemical reaction is anything that has had a color change, the formation of a solid, bubble, or a temperature change. In an oxidation-reduction reaction, charges of molecules are going to change. The first balanced equation was Cu〖SO〗_4+Fe(s)→Fe〖SO〗_4+Cu. The second balanced equation was 2Cu〖SO〗_4+3Fe(s) →3〖Fe〗_2 (〖SO〗_4 )_3+Cu. Given the two different chemical formulas, the theoretical yield was found to determine how much copper would be left over after the reaction by using the balanced chemical equations and stoichiometry. With the iron being the limiting reagent, we knew that the excess of copper product
Thiolated polymers derived from hydrophilic polymers such as polyacrylates. The presence of thiols group allows the formation of covalent bondwith cysteine rich mucus gel layer leading to increased residence time and improved bioavailability.