Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Impacts of increase in malaria
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Impacts of increase in malaria
The purpose of this essay is to tell how has malaria affected people that have sickle cell and is sickle cell common in places malaria is common, and how it correlates with each other? Malaria and sickle cell allele have a direct correlation on how many countries have malaria versus people with the HbS allele because, HbS allele is affected by the presence and absence of malaria, the effect malaria has on people with the HbS allele, and technological advancements.
The HbS allele came from places that are have a large population of malaria and the HbS allele was affected by the absence or presence of malaria. What effects this allele is a mutation in the hemoglobin in the body which usually happens due to natural selection. This allele has
…show more content…
Scientist have found a way to change the hemoglobin that have the HbS allele into a normal type hemoglobin. The HbS allele could be eradicated if the gene editing worked or if the malaria parasite were to be eradicated. The reason that sickle cell allele could disappear if the malaria parasite were to disappear is that natural selection would take over and people would not have the mutated allele HbS because it would not be needed. In a result if technology would advance, malaria could disappear because of a cure. The technological advancements in the future will change the percentage of people with sickle cell can be because of two reasons. The first reason is that malaria could disappear and the second reason is also gene editing.(MedicalDaily 2015) These could affect the percentage of people with sickle cell because if malaria were to disappear then there would be no reason for sickle cell to exist so natural selection would make it disappear. The second reason is gene editing which makes it possible to change the HbS allele change into normal hemoglobin.(MedicalDaily 2015) The most effective method would be eradicating the malaria parasite in certain places, such as countries in which malaria is common. Gene editing would be most effective in places where malaria is not common. This connects because the main claim is how malaria and sickle cell allele correspond with each …show more content…
Malaria and sickle cell allele have a direct correlation on how many people have malaria versus people with HbS because, HbS allele is affected by the presence and absence of malaria, technological advancements will change how sickle cell and malaria will show in the population, and the effect malaria had on people with the HbS allele. The purpose for writing this is too show the correlation between sickle cell and malaria parasite and how it reacts with these two combined in the
Hepatitis B virus infection is caused by a DNA virus belonging to the hepadnaviridae family of viruses. Approximately 2.2 million people in the United States of America are infected with Hepatitis B virus. Many of these patients, though they appear healthy, continue to spread the virus to others. Hepatitis B virus infection can be transmitted in the following ways: contact with contaminated blood (shared needles), sexual contact, and from mother to child. Unlike Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B is not spread through food, water, or causal contact. 95% of adults who get Hepatitis B can clear the virus through their system. However the remainder of the adults go on to develop chronic hepatitis B infection. This can
Malaria survives on healthy red-blood cells and carriers do not have a lot of healthy red-blood cells. Similarly to how those with hemochromatosis starved the bubonic plague of iron, sickle cell anemia carriers starve malaria of red-blood cells. The proactive effect of malaria only works on those who have one copy of sickle cell anemia and not the actual illness. If one has sickle cell anemia, one is more likely to get malaria. Nonetheless, malaria is such a vicious disease that anything that can aid in the fight against it and towards survival and reproduction is helpful.
...we use one of these three models for Malaria the predictions would be incorrect. Malaria cannot be transmitted with air or water, it is either transmitted by mosquitos or by blood from an infective individual. The main mathematical concept behind the SIR models are differential equations. The graphs are created by computer programs that uses mathematical algorithms. The last model I explained is the most accurate model in all those three models. However it also have missing points, for example the mortality rate of disease is not included but it is a very important parameter. To improve SIR Model and its successors, help from doctors and health specialists are needed. Creating an epidemic model requires a synergy between programmers, mathematicians and health professionals. Nevertheless, creating an accurate model requires financial support and hard-working experts.
In the continent Africa, about 1 in 100 individuals develops this disease. We ask ourselves why is the frequency of a potentially fatal disease so much higher in Africa? The answer is related to another deadly disease, which is called malaria. Chills, fever, vomiting, and severe headaches characterize malaria (GENETICS Sickle Cell Case Study. (n.d.). 2000, October 19). Malaria is caused by a disgusting parasite called Plasmodium that is transmitted to humans by mosquitos. When the malaria parasites invade the bloodstream, the red blood cells that contain defective hemoglobin get sickle cell out and die (Facts About Sickle Cell Disease. 2014, January 16). This helps protect the individual with Sickle Cell Anemia from an infection of malaria. As you can see, this is why a variety of areas in the world has a high rate of malaria, such as
The purpose of epidemiology is to better understand the burden and causes of health issues in humans. This helps decrease the risk of disease and improve health. Infectious diseases are caused by micro-organisms, transmitted to humans by humans, animals, or environment. Infectious disease usually follow a recognizable pattern. In this paper Hepatitis B also known as serum hepatitis will be discussed. Hepatitis B is a viral infection that can cause acute or chronic disease. Hepatitis B is a communicable disease. This paper will describe Hepatitis B, the demographic of interest, the determinants of health, the epidemiologic triangle, environmental factors, the role of community health nurse, and a national agency that addresses Hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a virus that attacks the liver. The virus is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. This can occur through direct blood-to-blood contact, unprotected sex, use of contaminated needles, and from an effected mother to her newborn during the delivery process. The majority of people do not have noticeable symptoms when they are first infected with the HBV. People who do not know they are infected with the HBV, their body can respond in different ways. I learned that some of the common symptoms of Hepatitis B infection include fever, fatigue, muscle or joint pain, loss of appetite, mild nausea, vomiting, and dark-colored urine. Some of the serious symptoms that require immediate medical attention and maybe even hospitalization are: severe nausea and vomiting, yellow eyes and skin (jaundice), bloated or swollen stomach.
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) (also known as Sickle Cell Disorder or Sickle Cell Anemia) is an inherited blood disorder where the red blood cells have abnormal sickle-shaped hemoglobin S (HbS) called sickle haemoglobin (National Heart Lungs and Blood Institute (NHLBI), 2015). The disease, according to medical sciences, is inherited from both parents as part of their genetic makeup and is usually caused by some abnormalities in haemoglobin which is a protein in red blood cells that conveys oxygen through the body. Whereas normal red blood cells are round, in people with sickle cell anemia, a defective substance in red blood cells changes the shape of the cells. The normal haemoglobin called haemoglobin A (HbA) is replaced by HbS which later becomes
During a short break of solitude from studying, I explored and came across that the environment in which most African Americans reside in has a high occurrence of malaria virus. The malaria virus disease is contagious and when it contaminates someone with sickle cell traits, it cannot survive on the external part of the human body so therefore the individual doesn’t develop the deadly malaria virus. While looking further into our class textbook on Human Genetics 11th Edition by Ricki Lewis, and this issue of sickle-cell among the African Americans, I
Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that affects hemoglobin (pronounced: hee-muh-glow-bin), a protein found in red blood cells that helps carry oxygen throughout the body.
Simmon, Harvey. "Sickle Cell Disease." University of Maryland Medical Center. N.p., 14 Mar. 2013. Web. 06 Feb. 2014.
Having an inherited disease like sickle cell anemia takes a life-long of treatments and preventions of complications that comes with being diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. Many people have lived a long time while dealing with the disease because of the on-going care being provided to keep patients as healthy as possible. Knowing that both male and female have the sickle cell trait can prevent having a child with the sickle cell disease. From the help of the parents, doctors and medicine, sickle cell patients don’t have to deal with the pressure of living with a life threatening disease.
Sickle cell anemia is the most common in hemoglobin mutation diseases due to mutation to beta-blobin gene. The substitution of valine for glutamate at position 6 of the beta chains paces a nonpolar residue on the outside of hemoglobin S. the oxygen affinity and allosteric properties of hemoglubin are virtually unaffected by this changes. However, this alternation markedly reduces the solubility of the deoxygenated but not the oxygenated form of hemoglobin. Thus, sicking occurs when there is a high concentration of the deoxygenated form of hemoglobin.
In likeness to Aids, the malaria virus can be in your body for up to
Hepatitis B, an infectious disease caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV, a DNA virus), was formerly called serum hepatitis, inoculation hepatitis and post-transfusion hepatitis. Infection with HBV may result in acute, fulminant or chronic hepatitis, sometimes even resulting in a chronic asymptomatic carrier state, apart from hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis (Davis 179). The disease is transmitted when an individual comes in contact with infected blood or objects. It may also be transferred from an infected mother to her infant either during or after birth (Zuckerman et al. 211). Transmission may also occur by accidental inoculation from infected needles and hospital equipment, intravenous drug abuse, body piercing, tattooing, and mouth-mouth kissing (Zuckerman et al. 210). The risk of Hepatitis B is particularly high in individuals with multiple sex partners, and in homosexuals. The HBV virus occurs in morphologically different forms in the serum of infected individuals. HBV infection has an incubation period of about 75 days. Systemic symptoms of the disease include fatigue, fever, dyspepsia, arthralgia, malaise, and rash, while local symptoms include hepatomegaly, jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools (Davis 179; Zuckerman et al. 210).
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases are treated at home, one in twenty children die of the disease before they reach the age of five. Pregnant women are also more vulnerable to disease and in certain parts of Africa, they are four times as likely to contract the disease and only half as likely to survive it.