Literature About Urban Development

CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Urban Development is the science of managing and directing city growth with respects to the discipline of land utilization planning which explores a very wide range of aspects of the built and social environments. Urban development process is a highly complicated process containing various phases. As a main core of the process, urban design gives numbers of proposed plans that are called alternatives. It is worthy to mention that the decision making concerning differentiating between these alternatives is the most crucial phase of urban development process; as accordingly the adaptation and implantation of urban plans can take place. Urban projects have many problems that are surely affect

According to the world bank, cities play an important role in tackling climate change. They consume close to two-thirds of the world’s energy and have more than 70 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. The more cities develop, the more their exposure to climate and disaster risk increases. Almost half a billion urban residents live in coastal areas and increases their vulnerability to storm surges and sea level rise. Building cities that “work” inclusively, safely, and sustainably, requires intensive policy coordination and investment choices. Once cities are built, their physical form and land use patterns can be locked in for generations, leading to unsustainable sprawl. National and local governments have a great role in taking action now to shape the future of their development and to create opportunities for all people (W. Bank,

Urban environmental problems in Egypt are multi-faceted, urbanization and issues that come with developmental challenges; urban production and consumption patterns psychological orientation of urban residents as well as institutional failures, these problems pose serious environmental, economic and social challenges to achieve sustainable development in the country. A basic problem in developing country like Egypt is that the population growth rate is faster than the rate of developing infrastructure and services, while the growth rate of productivity is lower .Egypt s primary cities Cairo and Alexandria comprise 43% of the total urban population (17% of the total population of Egypt) while 77 cities comprise 4% of the urban population (ElSakka,