Listeria monocytogenes
Introduction
Listeria monocytogenes, a motile, gram-positive rod, is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen capable of causing listeriosis in humans. Listeriosis includes manifestations of septicemia, meningitis, pneumonia, and encephalitis. L. monocytogenes is also implicated in miscarriages, stillbirth, and premature birth for pregnant women. L. monocytogenes is a tough bacterium resistant to freezing, drying, and heat; most strains have been shown to be pathogenic. It is hypothesized that 1-10% of humans are intestinal carriers of L. monocytogenes. Over 37 mammalian species, including wild and domestic animals, are capable of L. monocytogenes infection and transmission. Extensive environmental reservoirs for L. monocytogenes include soil, water, vegetation, sewage, silage, and the intestinal tract of various animals.
Encounter:
L. monocytogenes is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water. The bacterium is associated with raw milk, cheeses, (particularly soft varieties) ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented raw-meat sausages, raw and cooked poultry, raw meats, and raw and smoked fish. It is capable of growing at temperatures as low as 3°C allowing multiplication in refrigerated foods, making L. monocytogenes infection particularly hard to avoid. The infective dose has not been determined, but is believed to vary with the susceptibility of the individual. It may be less than 1000 bacterium in the immuno-compromised individual.
Entry, Multiplication, and Spread:
L. monocytogenes initially gains access to the body through the gastrointestinal tract but is capable of infecting the blood through monocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The bacterium is also capable of infe...
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...s system involvement, the elderly and in persons with other serious medical problems.
Worldwide:
Approximately 2,500 cases of listeriosis are reported every year in the United States. This includes 500 preventable deaths. L. monocytogenes outbreaks are still occurring worldwide. Recently, in 2002 contaminated turkey deli meat caused a US outbreak along the east coast and contaminated cheese caused an outbreak in British Columbia. Outbreaks over the past twenty years have involved contaminated chocolate milk, shrimp, lunchmeats, and cheese. A California outbreak in 1985 was due to contaminated Mexican-style cheese. This outbreak led to numerous stillbirths resulting in the monitoring of cheeses by the FDA. Fortunately, according to a study done by The US Department of Health and Human Services, infections with L. monocytogenes have decreased 35 % from 1996 to 2002.
Many say that history repeats itself, and throughout history, the spread of food-borne diseases has been constantly threatening humans. Salmonella, a disease which attacks numerous people a year, has returned, infected, and put people under panic of what they are eating. According to Foodborne Diseases, it is stated that “Salmonella comprises a large and diverse group of Gram-negative rods. Salmonellae are ubiquitous and have been recovered from some insects and nearly all vertebrate species, especially humans, livestock, and companion animals” (Gray and Fedorka-Cray 55). Because of the flexibility and the ability to reproduce rapidly, this infamous disease still remains as one of the most common threats in our society as well as an unconquerable problem that humans face these days.
A Midsummer Night's Dream is a festive comedy. The play takes place in June and this is a bewitched time. In the spring the custom is to celebrate the return of fertility to the earth. During this time the young people spend the night in the woods to celebrate. Shakespeare uses the greenworld pattern in this play. The play begins in the city, moves out to the country and then back to the city. Being in the country makes things better because there is tranquility, freedom and people can become uncivilized versus when they are in the city and have to follow customs and laws and behave rationally.
Being a gram-negative bacterium, L. pneumophila has lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that act as endotoxin within a human host. The presence of a flagella is thought to mediate adherence to human lung cells, thereby causing infection, since flagella-less strains do not cause disease. Once attached to human cells, the organism is engulfed by a macrophage where is utilizes the internal environment to multiply.
In conclusion, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare effectively uses the motifs of the seasons, the moon, and dreams to show that love, irrationality, and disobedience directly cause chaos. By calling to mind the seasons in unnatural order, describing the moon behaving strangely, and discussing the dualistic, irrational nature of dreams, Shakespeare effectively evokes a sense of chaos and disorder. Linking each of these motifs to the themes of love, irrationality, and disobedience allows Shakespeare to illustrate the disarray that is bound to result from any romance.
In the play “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, by William Shakespeare the contrast between both setting and character are well explained throughout the play. This play is mostly about four young Athenians whose lives become a total disaster because of the fairies in the forest, strange situations in the city of Athens, Greece and mixtures of love potions. The main setting of “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” is in Athens, Greece. In Athens, the Duke Theseus plans his marriage with Hippolyta. In contrast, the forest is where all the drama happens between all the characters. The four main characters of this play are Hermia, Helena, Demetrius and Lysander.
Founded in 1886 by introducing medicinal plasters and antiseptic surgical dressings, Johnson & Johnson has grown to be one of the leading health care products company in the world. In its extensive history of over 125 years Johnson & Johnson’s product mix vary from pharmaceutical, personal care products, medical devices and diagnostics with the largest being pharmaceuticals.
Physical and emotional abuse affects the child’s life equally, so one will never be better or worse than the other. Physical abuse is “any non-accidental physical injury”. (Morin 1) Child neglect is defined as “the failure to provide a child with food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and the supervision necessary to prevent harm”. (Morin 2) Emotional abuse can be defined as the, “willful destruction of significant impairment of a child’s competence.” (Network of Victim Assistance) Children sometimes challenge parental expectations, sometimes they misbehave to get what they want, but it is part of a learning process for children. Although, it should not go without some type of consequence but the consequence should be beneficial to the child and the parent. It should teach the child a lesson in a positive manner, it should be a learning opportunity, and you must be consistent when disciplining. If you are not consistent when giving you’re disciplining your child it may cause confusion in the future and it may continue to happen and could get much
Fairies, mortals, magic, love, and hate all intertwine to make A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare a very enchanting tale, that takes the reader on a truly dream-like adventure. The action takes place in Athens, Greece in ancient times, but has the atmosphere of a land of fantasy and illusion which could be anywhere. The mischievousness and the emotions exhibited by characters in the play, along with their attempts to double-cross destiny, not only make the tale entertaining, but also help solidify one of the play’s major themes; that true love and it’s cleverly disguised counterparts can drive beings to do seemingly irrational things.
Neglect (the failure to provide for the child?s basic needs) can be physical, educational, or emotional. Physical neglect can include not providing adequate food, clothing, appropriate medical care, supervision, or proper weather protection (heating or coats) to the child. Educational neglect can include failure to provide appropriate schooling or special educational needs, allowing excessive truancies, to the child. Psychological neglect is the lack of any emotional support and love, never attending to the child, spousal abuse, or drug and alcohol abuse including allowing the child to participate in drug and alcohol use.
Bacteria exist everywhere in the environment and have continuous access to the body through the mouth, nose and pores of skin. Further more, many cells age and die daily and their remains must be removed, this is where the white blood cell plays its role.
As stated in the last paragraph as the speed of the car goes up it affects the safety of the driver inversely. One of the new innovations that many auto racing series run is the safety barrier. The safety barrier became more important and looked at after a horrific wreck at Daytona International Speedway on February 22, 2013. The front end of a drivers car sheared off when the car hit the fence and sent parts and pieces of the car into the stands. (Greenberg). After the officials saw the wreck and the horrible aftermath they designed a fence that would keep the c...
The most commonly recognized food borne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli 0157:H7, and by a group of viruses called Calicivirus, also know as the Norwalk viruses. “Thousands of types of bacteria are naturally present in our environment, but not all bacteria cause disease in humans.” (Schmutz 1)
William Shakespeare successfully used two contrasting places to emphasize the meaning of the story. The meaning of the story is that the course of love never runs smooth, but you if you really love somebody you will find your way to them. Using contrasting places represents opposing forces or point of views, allows the reader to get a better idea of what the theme of the story is. In William Shakespeare’s, A Midsummer Night’s Dream the two contrasting places used were the City of Athens and a enchanted Forest located on the outskirts of the city. In the City of Athens there are laws, organization, everything is governed well. In the Forest there are no laws, nothing is organized, or governed. The Forest stands chaos and the hardships of love in the story, and the city stands for laws and strict living. The Forest shows us what nature or self-government can offer compared to the harsh laws of living in this case Athens.
This can involve touching the child in inappropriate areas, performing acts of incest, rape, indecent exposure or exploitation of the child by forcing prostitution or creating pornographic materials. Potential evidence of sexual abuse might be when a child shows signs of trouble sitting down or walking, unexpectedly does not want to get dressed or to join in physical activities for gym class, begins wetting the bed or having nightmares, or loss of appetite. They might also reveal a strange, mature, or rare knowledge of sex or sexual behaviors. Or if they are 14 years old or younger and become pregnant or obtain a venereal disease. Some traits to look for in suspected parents or other caregivers might be an overly protective attitude towards the child, denying them access to other children, likes to be isolated or has a controlling attitude towards other family members (Child Welfare Information Gateway
What is child abuse? Child abuse is when a parent or caregiver, whether through act or fault to act, causes harm, death, emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child. There are many forms of child abuse, including neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, mistreatment and emotional abuse. Every year, more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States alone. Those are the only ones that are on record, but how many more cases are there that Child Protected Services aren’t aware of.