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Spanish colonization in Latin America
Spanish and British colonization
Spanish colonization in Latin America
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UN women’s goodwill ambassador, Emma Watson once said, “we should stop defining ourselves as what we are not, and start defining ourselves by who we are”. An example of this quote is evident in the autobiography, Lieutenant Nun: Memoir of a Basque Transvestite in the New World. During this time period, society and culture created gender roles in colonial Spain. They exemplified the “appropriate” behavior for an individual of that certain gender, giving males power in the household to do as they please, while women were to listen to society and follow the rules of her husband. Women had no freedom. The idea of cross-dressing was taboo.. Except to Catalina de Erauso. Throughout Lieutenant Nun: Memoir of a Basque Transvestite in the New World, Catalina de Erauso cross-dresses to give herself the power to form a more masculine personality, which entails the freedom to travel. Moreover, this leads Catalina to run into situations where she is able defend her honor through violent acts.
After leaving the
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convent as a male figure, Catalina rids of her feminine characteristics and supplements them with more masculine ones. A major benefit of cross-dressing would be the freedom males withhold. Specifically, Catalina gets to experience the freedom to travel to different countries and foreign lands, whereas other women would not be capable of doing during this time period. Along the way, Catalina is able to “reinforce” the adaptation of masculine traits through training as a warrior, living like a soldier, and obtaining a number of job positions. Catalina’s freedom to travel leads to situations where she defends her honor through violent acts. For example, Catalina travels to a local theatre, where she encounters Reyes. After asking Reyes to move aside once he places a chair in front of hers, he tells Catalina she’d be best to disappear or “he’d be forced to cut her face wide open.” (12) Feeling threatened, Catalina responds with “this is the face you were thinking of cutting up” and proceeds to give Reyes “a slash worth ten stitches.” (12) In colonial Spain, violence was perceived as the ultimate test of masculinity. As a female, Catalina was a victim of violence. After she decides to cross-dress, she gained the power of a male to be combative, brave and violent. For once in her life, Catalina was able to defend her honor by cutting up Reyes’ face; an act she would not be able to do as a female. Another example of Catalina defending her integrity is during a battle in Paicabí, Once seeing the flag being carried off by the Indians, rides off after it, “killing the chief who was carrying the flag.” (20) At this point, Catalina has fully embraced her masculine persona enough to be able to kill another to defend her honor.
She understands the power society gives men and is determined to achieve what they have, at any costs.
The last example of Catalina protecting her honor with violence is when a companion at the gambling house claimed Catalina “lied like a cuckold.” (22) Again, feeling as if her honor was at stake, she “drew out her dagger and ran it into his chest.” (22) Readers can understand that with masculinity, comes violent behavior. With the force of her own determination to rid of the traditional feminine traits she learned, Catalina creates herself into a courageous, violent murder that will kill anyone who threatens her honor in the slightest
bit. After completing Catalina de Erauso’s autobiography, Lieutenant Nun: Memoir of a Basque Transvestite in the New World, I believe that an individual’s identify does not include their gender. I believe that gender is constructed, but masculinity is created. Although Catalina is born a female, she identifies Catalina cross-dresses to obtain the freedom to travel and create her masculine persona. She abandons her feminine characteristics entirely, in order to achieve the “appropriate” behavior for an individual of the male gender and the benefits that are included with it.
Freitas begins her essay using personal anecdotes describing the “terrifying” realization that she was one of the many girls that chose to dress sexier and push the boundaries. This allows for the essay to be
Catalina de Erauso experienced many different traumatic and surprising events throughout her life. She completely changed her identity from being a woman to a man after she made the decision to have a more adventurous life than the average seventeenth century woman. Catalina went from a life devoted to god, growing up in the Convent of the Dominican of Nuns, to becoming a lieutenant of the Spanish military. Her ability to transform and disguise herself into a man and live unnoticed for more than two decades suggests that gender is fabricated and not a true trait, masculinity can be created through deception.
“From Lieutenant Nun,” a memoir written by doña Catalina de Erauso, tells an intriguing story of a young Spanish female and her advantageous journey through Spain and the New World. Her family intends for her to become a nun but, that is not the life she seeks for herself. Therefore, she breaks away from the convent in hopes of finding somewhere to make her fortune by passing as a male. Catalina’s story is noteworthy because it gives readers another perspective of exploration focusing on self-discovery during the seventeenth century emphasizing how passing as a male is the only thing that secured her ability to explore. In the memoir, Catalina repeatedly reminisces about clothing and, whether she consciously or unconsciously does so, she allows the reader to see that this is an important aspect of her exploration. Throughout Catalina’s journey, clothing plays an increasingly important role not only in her travels but, also her personal life because it symbolized ones status, role, gender and privileges.
Another issue that the writer seemed to have swept below the carpet is the morality of women. First, women seemed to have been despised until they started excelling in mass advertising. Also, the author seems to peg the success of the modern woman to clothing and design. This means that women and cloths are but the same thing. In fact, it seems that a woman’s sex appeal determine her future endeavours, according to the author. It is through this that I believe that the author would have used other good virtues of women to explain
As people age they will often still recall a good childhood story. A well told, meaningful story can go a long way when attempting to argue a point or convey information. In the essays, ''The Myth of The Latin Women: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria" by Judith Ortiz Cofer, "Gains and Losses" by Richard Rodriquez, and "Piecing It All Together" by bell hooks, the authors connect to the reader and create a better audience through their writing. Through the portrayal of a story the authors help the reader understand their point of view, they transfer information to the reader with better ease, and keep the reader engaged the authors argue a point or convey information more efficiently.
In Federico García Lorca’s La Casa de Bernarda Alba, a tyrant woman rules over her five daughters and household with absolute authority. She prevents her daughters from having suitors and gives them little to no freedom, especially with regard to their sexualities and desires. They must conform to the traditional social expectations for women through sewing, cleaning, as well as staying pure and chaste. While, as John Corbin states in The Modern Language Review, “It was entirely proper for a respectable woman in [Bernarda’s] position to manage her household strictly and insist that the servants keep it clean, to defend its reputation, ensure the sexual purity of her daughters, and promote advantageous marriages for them,” Bernarda inordinately
Misogyny in this text is represented through many factors showing how women can only prove their dominance by removing the men’s sexuality and freedom of independence. It is also represented in the fact that Nurse Ratched is seen as perfect except for her breasts, her outward mark of being a woman. “A mistake was made somehow in manufacturing, putting those big, womanly breasts on what would of otherwise been a perfect work, and you can see how bitter she is about it.” (6) The fear of women is usually stemmed from ...
During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, the role of working-class women became a burden to what one would call British National Identity. As one can note from Deborah Valenze’s book The First Industrial Woman, women who began to work in order to support their families were seen as a masculine because they would dress showing more skin. The new evolving identity of working class women became criticized not only by men but also by women of higher economic status. This would eventually lead to the first feminist wave in Britain from 1848 through 1920. This new wave in Britain was a reaction to the way working women had been put down by British society in the earlier period of the Industrial Revolution. Therefore, the ‘gentle lady’ of the Victorian Age became unacceptable, the role that domesticity was the right role to be played by women became a critique. The suffrage movement in many ways led women to embrace a new form of ‘masculinity’ in clothing. The working class woman’s ‘masculinity’ became one to be praised. One can begin to see this at the end of First Feminist wave in the 1920s when the flapper style became the new fashion. Society in Britain had become one of man v. woman, and women retaliated through fashion by adapting masculine style clothing to cover their curvaceous figures. Nevertheless, the Second World War’s impact on society brought with it a new ideology of Britain v. the outside enemy, which brought a revitalization of traditional women roles illustrated by the clothing. The following is an analysis on women’s clothing post the First World War and through the Second World War.
... against the societal patriarchal norms, thus coding her as “other” and the facilitator of horror.
In Victorian society, according to Dr.William Acton, a doctor during the Victorian period argued that a woman was either labelled as innocent and pure, or a wife and mother. If a woman was unable to fit in these precincts, as a result she would be disdained and unfit for society and be classified as a whore (Acton, 180). The categorizing of woman is projected through the “uses the characters of Lucy and Mina as examples of the Victorian ideal of a proper woman, and the “weird sisters” as an example of women who are as bold as to ignore cultural boundaries of sexuality and societal constraints” according to Andrew Crockett from the UC Santa Barbara department of English (Andrew Crockett, 1).... ... middle of paper ...
Though its primary function is usually plot driven--as a source of humor and a means to effect changes in characters through disguise and deception—cross dressing is also a sociological motif involving gendered play. My earlier essay on the use of the motif in Shakespeare's plays pointed out that cross dressing has been discussed as a symptom of "a radical discontinuity in the meaning of the family" (Belsey 178), as cul-tural anxiety over the destabilization of the social hierarchy (Baker, Howard, Garber), as the means for a woman to be assertive without arousing hostility (Claiborne Park), and as homoerotic arousal (Jardine). This variety of interpretations suggests the multivoiced character of the motif, but before approaching the subject of this essay, three clarifica- tions are necessary at the outset.
By addressing the popular perceptions of the female sailor in a narrow context, Thornton becomes an optic into the relationship between contemporary media and the social context of the mid-1830s. The lack of studies on female sailors in the nineteenth century means that the descriptions of Thornton herself, her relationships and the reception by the reading public will be ascertained in association with secondary material on the prevalent social trends. In addition, focussing on a female sailor in the mid-nineteenth century will create a discourse of comparison between nineteenth century examples and the more extensively studied examples of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Drawing on the frameworks used in existing research on female sailors in previous centuries, this work seeks to test their applicability in an altered cultural setting. The existing historiography on female sailors often cover decades or centuries of examples, placing them as tangential to narrative that concentrate on discussing the larger relationship between women and the sea. Alternatively, relevant works also stem from an English literature base and therefore are more interested in text and language than historical context. Suzanne Stark’s Female Tars provided the most pertinent to the nature of this topic, as in Chapter Three, she sought to dissect the nature of public responses to female sailors through an examination of press reports. Her overarching argument was two-fold; the public responded with ‘tolerant amusement’ and accepted the narrative of cross-dressing to find a lost love. This ‘lost love’ narrative will be examined further in the second and third chapters of this work. The time period Stark addressed was from 1690-1850, though the bulk of her
Women in The Count of Monte Cristo possess unique personalities, but intensely similar restrictions. Currently, women in the United States, as well as other countries, are able to have jobs, travel, and participate in many other activities that the ladies Dumas portrays are not allowed to. Feminist analysis of this book reveals the ways of the time and the delicate balance of society’s typical structure. In The Count of Monte Cristo, Alexandre Dumas realistically conveys that when women violate their traditional roles, the balance of life is disrupted. This is evident through descriptions of instances in which females are in the home as well as when they are not.
It seems that in ordinary life, we are most likely to distinguish between a man and a woman by clothing. This is more difficult to do in the present day, in which women have adapted much traditionally male clothing for their own use, but in the time periods in which Orlando is set it was still the case that men and women wore distinct clothing. If we consider our everyday experience, it becomes clear that this is the means we use, at least from a distance. Other cues such as hairstyle, quality of voice, and so on enter the equation later, but clothing comes first. A man with long hair is eccentric at worst; a man wearing a dress runs the risk of being beaten to a pulp for this transgression. People wishing to undergo a sex-change operation must undergo a period of living as the opposite gender before going through with surgery - the first and most important thing invariably done here is to purchase a new wardrobe.
They had to sacrifice their motherhood in some form or another in order to gain success in other aspects of their lives. Joan, a young girl wanted to have an education and so she ran away from home under the disguise of a boy to gain higher knowledge which was not an option for a girl in her time. Joan stated, “I dressed as a boy when I left home”… “I was only twelve. Also women weren’t/allowed in the library. We wanted to study in Athens” (8). Joan having to disguise herself as a boy, showed that women were not allowed to have an education; they had limited opportunities. However, under the disguise as a male, Joan was given the opportunity to be a pope, a role generally reserve for a man. Nevertheless, it was discovered that she was a female when she gave birth in public and hence, she was stoned to death. Even other women who did not have to choose between motherhood and career, were unable to get promoted even if they were more qualified than men. This is due to the gender gap and the historical male domination. Louise, who came for a job interview at Marlene’s employment agency stated, “Nobody notices me, I don’t expect it, I don’t attract attention by making mistakes, everybody takes it for granted that my work is perfect” (52). This illustrates that even though the feminist movement had made significant advances in gender equality, there are still limitations in inequality concerning