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Cocaine affect on brain essay
Cocaine affect on brain essay
Cocaine effects research papers
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Introduction Anesthetic agents were found as part of the research on developing structural mimics of cocaine. Cocaine is an alkaloid that can be found in the cocoa plant. Cocaine is known to have addictive properties as well as the anesthetic properties. There were compelling arguments to develop a synthetic version of cocaine that was devoid of the addiction potential (1).
Lidocaine is the generic name of a drug commonly used as an anesthetic. Another name commonly used for lidocaine is xylocaine. Lidocaine is used as a topical anesthetic, like a cream. Lidocaine possesses a group known as dialkylamino moiety which can be found in some tranquilizers, antidepressants, antihistamines, psychotomimetics, and antimalarials. Like many other
Step one is known as the preparation of 2,6-dimethylaniline. The preparation of 2,6-dimethylaniline is a reduction reaction. Step two is the preparation of α-chloro-2,6-dimethylacetanilide. This second step is an acylation reaction. The final step of the synthesis is the preparation of lidocaine. The preparation of lidocaine reaction is nucleophilic substitution.
During the synthesis of lidocaine concentrated hydrochloric acid and glacial acetic acid will be used. Hydrochloric acid and glacial acetic acid are both corrosive when in concentrated amounts. Sodium hydroxide (8M) will also be used and is known to cause burns and be caustic (1). None of these solutions should come in contact with skin. It is pertinent to wear the proper laboratory safety equipment (nitrile or latex gloves, safety glasses, and a laboratory coat) while handling the
Thus the aqueous layer was always on the bottom for the reactions. The crude lidocaine sample was purified through a process known as salt formation. Salt formation utilized diethyl ether, sulfuric acid, and acetone to create crystallization. The melting point of the purified lidocaine sample was measured to be approximately 68ºC to 70ºC. The α-chloro-2,6-dimethylacetanilide percent yield was calculated to be around 00.00%. The percent yield of the purified lidocaine was calculated to be approximately 00.00%.
Conclusion
The reactions from the synthesis of lidocaine were reduction, acylation, and nucleophilic substitution. At the end of the experiment only one product was formed. However, each step in the synthesis of lidocaine created a product that was utilized in the next step of the reaction. If one step was missed or had an error that was not caught and corrected the entire synthesis process would have been thrown off. The ending product and the product that was expected was a purified form of lidocaine.
References
1. Gilbert, C. John; Martin, F. Stephen. 2011. Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale Approach. 5th Edition. Cengage Learning. pp.
The experiment was not a success, there was percent yield of 1,423%. With a percent yield that is relatively high at 1,423% did not conclude a successful experiment, because impurities added to the mass of the actual product. There were many errors in this lab due to the product being transferred on numerous occasions as well, as spillage and splattering of the solution. Overall, learning how to take one product and chemically create something else as well as how working with others effectively turned out to be a
The complete experimental procedure is available in the General Chemistry Laboratory Manual for CSU Bakersfield, CHEM 213, pages 20-22, 24-25. Experimental data are recorded on the attached data pages.
In a small reaction tube, the tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (0.110 g, 0.28 mmol) was added into the dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate (0.1 mL) and nitrobenzene (1 mL) along with a boiling stick. The color of the mixed solution was purple. The solution was then heated to reflux until it turned into a tan color. After the color change has occurred, ethanol (3 mL) was stirred into the small reaction tube. After that, the small reaction tube was placed in an ice bath until the solid was formed at the bottom of the tube. Then, the solution with the precipitate was filtered through vacuum filtration and washed with ethanol. The precipitate then was dried and weighed. The final product was dimethyl tertraphenylpthalate (0.086 g, 0.172mmol, 61.42%).
2. Cooper, M. M., Cooperative Chemistry Laboratory Manual, McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, 2009, p. 60.
The weight of the final product was 0.979 grams. A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that wants to donate a pair of electrons. An electrophile is an atom or molecule that wants to accept a pair of electrons. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid (m-Toluic acid), is converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate. The chlorosulfite intermediate reacts with a HCL. This yields an acid chloride (m-Toluyl chloride). Then diethylamine reacts with the acid chloride and this yields N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide.
need is water and an ester and we will end up with an organic acid produced as
Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB (1981). Coca and cocaine as medicines: an historical review. J Ethnopharmacol. 1981 Mar-May; 3(2-3):149-59.
Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid acquired from the leaves of a coca plant. It is thought to work ...
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. (March 20, 2007). Final Investigation Report. Retrieved July 26, 2010, from U.S. Chemical and Safety Board: http://www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf
Ensure gloves are worn at all times when handling strong acids and bases within the experiment of the preparation of benzocaine. 4-aminobenzoic acid (3.0g, 0.022 moles) was suspended into a dry round-bottomed flask (100cm3) followed by methylated sprits (20 cm3). Taking extra care the concentrated sulphuric acid of (3.0 cm3, 0.031 moles) was added. Immediately after the condenser was fitted on, and the components in the flask were swirled gently to mix components. It should be ensured that the reactants of the concentrated sulphuric acid and the 4-aminobenzoic acid were not clustered in the ground glass joint between the condenser itself and the flask. In order to heat the mixture to a boiling point, a heating mantle was used and then further left for gently refluxing for a constituent time of forty minutes. After the duration of the consistent forty minutes the rou...
Cocaine is a versatile drug which can be ingested in a variety of ways. In its purest form, coc...
Dentist believe the use of epinephrine is contraindicated in cardiovascular patients because it raises the blood pressure and heart rate. Studies show that the amount of epinephrine in dental cartridges is relatively low, therefore the use of one to three cartridges of lidocaine and epinephrine is safe, though it slightly raises blood pressure and heart rate. The slight rise in heart rate and blood pressure is not clinically or medically important. The wrong volume or concentration of anesthetic solution may produce systemic complications. A study given at Khorasgen Dental School determined that injection of lidocaine without epinephrine caused a reduction of blood pressure and heart rate due to the vasodilative effect of lidocaine. An increase in blood pressure and heart rate after injection of lidocaine with epinephrine was a result as well. Researchers have proved that an increase in cardiovascular parameters after injection of local anesthetics can be due to epinephrine
Cocaine (coke) is made from the Erythroxylon coca plant, a coca tree that grows high in the Andes Mountains of South America. The coca farmers' purpose is to pick and process the leaves into a paste from which cocaine is extracted (Edwards, 64). These Indians of Bolivia and Peru chew the coca leaves to obtain a mild stimulation, which helps fight fatigue that is caused by the high altitudes at which they work. Chewing the leaves does not see to harm the users, because the stimulating chemical extracted from them is in such small quantities. They stop chewing the coca leaves when they come down from the high altitudes because there is no longer any need for it (Edwards, 63).
J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Wothers. Organic Chemistry. 8th ed. 2007, Oxford University Press, p. 1186-1191.
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/