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Moral and ethical aspects of Euthanasia
Morally, what is the difference between killing and letting a person die
Moral and ethical aspects of Euthanasia
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Dramatic evolution and developments in medicine as well as technology has given doctors, and health care teams in general, the ability to save more lives than ever. In fact, since the beginning of the 19th century, doctors and scientists have dramatically increased their knowledge of health of human body. This implied that doctors were able not only to save more lives, but also to reduce the pain and suffering of those affected by diseases. In parallel, the development in medicine and technology also led doctors to sustain patients’ lives. In fact, medicine development allowed doctors to maintain very ill patients to stay alive, even when these patients have lost mental and/or physical capabilities. These evolution and developments are basically …show more content…
The fundamental difference between these is action or inaction: when once lets someone die, they are passive. On the opposite, when once kills someone, that person actively causes the death of the patient. The person who kills is directly responsible for the death of the killed individual. From that point of view, it seems like killing and letting die produces the same result. However, from a legal and moral point of view it is obvious that killing is worse than letting die. Author H. V. MacLachlan draws the moral distinctions between killing and letting die. To him, acts and omissions might have the same outcomes but are not morally identical. McLachlan uses the example of a ventilator to prove his point. In fact, the use of a ventilator is to prevent from certain causes of death. However, if the ventilator is to be turned off and a death occurs, that death cannot directly be linked to the fact that the ventilator was turned off. The link between the two events is not direct, but indirect. Another useful example is the example of a drug addict. If one decides to restrain a drug addict from taking his daily dose of drugs, but then ceases to do so, and the drug addict dies then that person is not directly responsible for their death. Also, it is naturally for humans to restrain killings from each other, but we do not feel obliged to try to ‘save’ everyone who is in danger of death. Here again, in the context …show more content…
We believe that killing patients is wrong while allowing them to die can be acceptable. Philosophers also evoke the parity of reasons. In fact, what makes an action good or bad is not its intrinsic nature, or intrinsic moral worth, but what it was done for. As a consequence, both brothers from the previous example should carry the same responsibility because both of them wished for the same thing, the death of their father. If we apply this in the context of euthanasia, the result is the same. In fact, individuals performing passive euthanasia and individuals performing active euthanasia wishes for the same thing: for the patient to be relieved from their pain, for the patient to die. The outcome is the exact
James Rachels tells us in his article, “Active and Passive Euthanasia,” about two cases that involve in killing and letting die. He believes that there is no morally difference between killing and letting them die. I openly agree with the reasons James Rachels provided in his article. He gives us two different situations where one is involved in killing and another letting them die. Smith and Jones were planning on getting a decent amount of money from the death of their nephew, so they wanted the child dead.
According to James Rachels, “both passive and active euthanasia are permissible.” (Luper and Brown, p.347). He gives a doctrine from American Medical Association quoting,” mercy killing is contrary to which the medical professional stands” (Luper and Brown, p. 347). He makes arguments against the doctrine as to why it would be rejected. One, a physician should let the patient end his life if he wants to so that the patient does not have to endure the suffering. However, Rachels says in that situation it’s better for the physician to kill the patient, rather than letting one die because using lethal injections can be painless and quick, whereas, letting one die can be a slow and painful process (Luper and Brown, p. 348). He points out two
Since Jones was not prepared to kill his nephew, and Smith was prepared to kill his nephew, than Jones is not as guilty as Smith. Many might agree with Nesbitt that Jones is less guilty, because he was not prepared to kill his nephew and he did not directly kill his nephew. Though this may be true, and some may agree, this only means that letting die was not the same as killing, nor was it as bad morally speaking, in this scenario only. It is not plausible to say that this single scenario reflects every real situation a patient may be going through, similar to Rachels’ nasty cousins example, where killing was the same as letting die. Many people may agree with both scenarios, as they do have valid points, however; there are endless scenarios with endless changes one could make to the story. The end result depends on how the story is tweaked, and the details within the story. Kuhse suggests that maybe killing, or active euthanasia, could be more preferable in some situations, and letting die, or passive euthanasia, is preferable in
Euthanasia comes from the Greek word that means “good death” (“Euthanasia” literally). In general, euthanasia refers to causing the death of someone to end their pain and suffering, oftentimes in cases of terminal illness. Some people call these “mercy killings”. There are two types of euthanasia: passive and active. Passive or voluntary euthanasia refers to withholding life-saving treatments or medical technology to prolong life.
The improvement of medicine over the course of the human successes gave great convenience to the people of today. Science has cured and prevented many illnesses from occurring and is on its way to cure some of the most dreadful and harmful illnesses. As the world modernizes due to the industrialization, so does the ways of medicine. Some cures are approached by chance, some, through intense, scientific measures.
In James Rachels’ article, “Active and Passive Euthanasia”, Rachels discusses and analyzes the moral differences between killing someone and letting someone die. He argues that killing someone is not, in itself, worse than letting someone die. James, then, supports this argument by adding several examples of cases of both active and passive euthanasia and illustrating that there is no moral difference. Both the end result and motive is the same, therefore the act is also the same. I will argue that there is, in fact, no moral difference between killing someone and intentionally letting a person die. I plan to defend this thesis by offering supporting examples and details of cases of both active and passive euthanasia.
I have brought forward considerations that counter Callahan's reasoning against three types of arguments that support euthanasia: the right to self-determination, the insignificant difference between killing and letting a person die by removing their life-support, and euthanasia's good consequences outweighing the harmful consequences are all positive, relevant and valid factors in the moral evaluation of euthanasia. Callahan's objections against these reasons do not hold.
There are two main classifications of euthanasia: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is conducted with the consent of the patient while involuntary euthanasia is conducted without consent from the patient themselves, but with the consent from another person. With this, there are two procedural classifications of euthanasia which include passive and active euthanasia. Passive euthanasia happens when life-sustaining treatments are withheld – the doctor doesn’t “know” that the patient
One area of moral dilemma that requires our attention is regarding euthanasia. Euthanasia is the practice of ending life in order to relieve pain or suffering caused by a terminal illness. Euthanasia can further be divided into two subcategories active euthanasia and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia is the process of deliberately causing a person’s death. In passive euthanasia a person does not take any action and just allows the person to die. In many countries, the thought of euthanasia is morally detestable. However, many doctors find nothing wrong with allowing a terminally ill patient to decide to refuse medication. This decision is a form of passive euthanasia the doctor did not actively cause the patient’s death, but he did nothing to prevent the patient’s death. Failing to act and directly acting is not the same as not being responsible for the consequences of an event.
There are many different takes on the distinction between killing and letting die. Direct killing is designed as a direct action to kill a person. Yet, letting die is designed to reduced pain and suffering. Some argue that there is no difference in the two, but others argue there is a significant difference. Rachels, Nesbitt, and Callahan all argue their claims about the distinctions of killing and letting die. Altogether, they have very insightful arguments and each should be considered carefully.
To show why active euthanasia is no different than passive euthanasia morally speaking, Rachels presents two cases. These two cases in fact prove that there is no moral difference between killing and letting someone die. In the first case he presents Smith, which can gain a large inheritance if anything were to happen to his six-year-old cousin. Smith chooses to drown the child and then makes it looks like an accident so he can access the inheritance. In the second case Rachels presents Jones, who also stands to gain an inheritance if anything were to happen to his six-year-old cousin.
In the following essay, I argue that euthanasia is not morally acceptable because it always involves killing, and undermines intrinsic value of human being. The moral basis on which euthanasia defends its position is contradictory and arbitrary in that its moral values represented in such terms as ‘mercy killing’, ‘dying with dignity’, ‘good death’ and ‘right for self-determination’ fail to justify taking one’s life.
In today’s society we all try to prolong life as long as possible. Technology is finding new ways that we can stay healthier and lead productive lives longer. Governor Lamm said “we should be careful in terms of our technological miracles that we don’t impose life on people who, in fact, are suffering beyond our ability to help”(Collins,1991,p.540). That is the real issue at hand; are we in fact over stepping our boundaries by keeping people alive who are maybe beyond our help. “Machines can extend the length but not always the quality of life” (Cloud,2000,p.62). As doctors, they need to think about the well being of the patient and if any methods could really help the situation.
Although with everything this world has to offer, there are disadvantages, and modern medicine does not fall short but the fact is that there are a lot of advantages that accompanies this course of treatment for the entire society, starting from each individual to the economic state of the modern society, modern medicine is making its mark in a positive way. By identifying and preventing illnesses, modern medicine has greatly improved lives, improved the economy and also diagnosed underlying illnesses in the modern society.
In active euthanasia a person deliberately causes the patient to die where as in passive euthanasia they don’t really take the patient’s life they just let them die.