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Key features of inclusive teaching
Key features of inclusive teaching
Key features of inclusive teaching
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Least restrictive environment (LRE) is among the six standards enacted by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), to govern the education of students with various special needs and disabilities (Jacob, Decker, & Hartshorne, 2010, p. 106). The other five principles are; free and appropriate public education, individualized education program, parent participation requirement and the protection of rights of children with disabilities and their parents (Farris, 2002, p. 1). This principle supports the education of students with disabilities together with non-disabled learners to the greatest extent that is appropriate. This means that the special needs student should be allowed access to the education curriculum, extra and co-curricular activities and any other program that non disabled scholars benefit from. The San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD) is among the public school districts that offer least restrictive environment opportunities for special needs students. This paper which is an interview with the special education coordinator of the San Francisco Unified School District; addresses various issues concerning least restrictive environment.
Keywords: least restrictive environment, special needs, schools
Least Restrictive Environment in San Francisco Unified School District
Least restrictive environment is part of the United State’s Individuals with Disabilities Act that requires the education of students with disabilities, to be carried out to the maximum extent appropriate with their fellow non-disabled scholars. This mandate ensures that schools educate the special needs and disabled students in integrated settings together with the learners without disabilities to the maximum degre...
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...uitable education irrespective of their condition. LRE has provided an opportunity in which the disabled students can learn in a non discriminatory environment together with the non disabled ones. This ensures they grow up in a normal healthy way.
Works Cited
Farris, A. (2002). San Francisco unified school district & special education. Retrieved from http://dyslexiadiscovery.com/san-francisco-unified-school-district-special-education/
Jacob, S., Decker, D. M., & Hartshorne, T. S. (2010). Ethics and law for school psychologists (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Office of Administrative Hearings. (2011). OAH hearing decisions 2010100312. Retrieved from http://www.californiaspecialedlaw.com/wiki/hearing-decisions/oah-2010100312
Yell, M. L. (2006). Least restrictive environment, mainstreaming, and inclusion. Cranbury, NJ: Pearson Education.
Ethics and counseling. Counseling & Human Development, 13(1), 1-12. ASGW (2007) Best Practice Guidelines.
According to standard III.2.1, "School psychologists explain their professional competencies, roles, assignments, and working relationships with recipients of services and others in their work setting in a forthright and understandable manner. School psychologists explain all professional services to clients in a clear, understandable manner". Extending on the exclusion of an explanation of service to the students, it is also concerning that the school psychologist did not receive assent from the students. According to standard I.1.4, school psychologist should "encourage a minor student 's voluntary participation in decision making about school psychological services as much as feasible", and there was not mention of the school psychologist attempting to inform the students about the counseling session, or asking for their participation. Finally, according to standard II.3.10, school psychologists should" encourage and promote parental participation in designing interventions for their children". It seems as if the school psychologist determined who would participate in the counseling sessions solely based on the teacher 's opinion of the
Huey, W. C. (1986). Ethical Concerns in School Counseling. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 64(5), 321.
It is required that the student be placed in the setting most like that of typical peers in which they can succeed when provided with needed supports and services (Friend, 2014). In other words, children with disabilities are to be educated with children who are not disabled to the maximum extent appropriate. Removal may only occur when education in regular classes, with the use of supplementary aids and services, cannot be achieved satisfactorily (Yell, 2006).
Stone, C. B., & Zirkel, P. A. (2010). School Counselor Advocacy: When Law And Ethics May Collide. Professional School Counseling, 13(4), 244-247. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.5330/PSC.n.2010-13.244
Using the IMED the counselor would first recognize that CRW elements exist within the ethical dilemma and then identify them. For example, Ana got a bad grade on the math test after she had been given supports, and that may make her father feel as if she is bringing shame to the family. Next, the counselor would take into account the school policies and procedures, and ethical and legal issues such as that any abuse or suspected abuse must be reported to child protective services (State of Hawaii, 2007). Additionally, the counselor must take into consideration the ethical codes that would apply to this case. The counselor would consider the limits of confidentiality, such as American Counseling Association ([ACA] 2014) ethical standard B.2.a, and American School Counselor Association ([ASCA] 2010) ethical standards A.2.c and A.2.d, which all ethically support a counselor’s breach of confidentiality when there is foreseeable harm to the student. The counselor must also recognize the student’s developmental and chronological age when determining the risk of harm to the student (standard A.2.c [ASCA, 2010]). Next, the
Students with disabilities have several delivery models that are made available to them. These students that have been identified as having a disability are to be given an equal opportunity to be the recipients of a fair and public education just as their non-disabled classmates. It is a legal requirement that the students are placed in an LRE (Least Restrictive Environment). The needs of the students and the resources available to them play an important factor in the placement of those individuals who has been identified as disabled. The following information was derived through classroom
As future school psychologists, it is important to understand the legal and ethical liabilities when dealing with clients. In this case, understanding and applying confidentiality, duty to warn and duty to protect shows the importance of the career field and what is required. Understanding how important confidentiality is in order to maintain a relationship with a client if very important. It is also very important to understand when it is necessary to breach confidentiality without being held legally and ethically responsible. When it comes to safety of others, a psychologist is legally and ethically liable to report the threat and warn anyone that is possibly in danger. This case shows how important it is to warn those in danger and the consequences when duty to warn and protect is neglected as it was in the Tatiana Tarasoff
The idea behind least restrictive environment is that all students should have the opportunity to learn, if possible, in a mainstream classroom. If learning in a mainstream classroom is not possible, students who have special education needs must be put in an environment that is the least restrictive. However, there exists a lack of clarity when it comes to the specific language presented in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which has led to school districts having various different interpretations regarding least restrictive environment (Alquraini, 2013). This week I sat down with Shirley Cummings, Special Education Coordinator for the Aqua Fria Union School District, and we
One obstacle that I believe many special needs students and families will face is understanding and dealing with the disability itself. Speaking from experience, this process can take time to understand and accept. This is where a special education teacher plays a significant role, assisting the student and family with information and support for understanding the student’s disability, facilitating education programs, and most importantly hope and progress for a bright future. Another obstacles that students with disabilities may face, is social interaction and acceptance. It is vital that all special education teachers and programs, try to incorporate strong social connections with their regular education peers and other community members and
The concepts of Inclusion and of Least Restrictive Environment may seem the same, but they are definitely not. The idea of Least Restrictive Environment is simply that disabled children should be educated, to an appropriate extent, with other non-disabled children. On the other hand, the approach of Inclusion is that disabled children should not be segregated from their non-disabled peers. Inclusion rejects the use of special classrooms, and schools; while Least Restrictive Environment encourages that there be separate classrooms, and schools. Some may argue that “inclusion prepares students with disabilities to use the skills they are learning in the real world where there are few “protective” special settings” (LRE vs. Inclusion). Others may argue that with LRE every student will learn at their own pace and it would help them accomplish what it is they are trying to accomplish. Both of these reasons have their advantages, but they also have their own disad...
Some students may not be able reach their full potential if left in a full inclusion setting. This would be an injustice for this student 's education. Full inclusion is not a “one size fits all” and LRE should guide schools to make the determination if a student with disabilities would benefit best from full inclusion or self-contained classroom. While it is possible for all students with disabilities to benefit from social interaction with non-disabled students, it is not possible for all students with disabilities to be in a full inclusion general
Tabachnick, B. G., Spiegel, P. K., & Pope, K. S. (May 1991). Ethics of Teaching:Beliefs and Behaviors of Psychologists as Educators. American Psychologist, 46 (5), 506-515.
Students with learning disabilities in the regular classroom may have challenges that require special attention. If the teacher is able to identify the disabilities and the features associated with them then the teacher can tailor the lessons to meet the needs of the students. These may include differentiated instruction and facilitating an inclusive classroom which will see inclusive strategies employed that will cater to the needs of students with learning disabilities. These inclusive strategies can range from individualized learning programs to team and co-teaching. In some cases, the teacher can arrange for a special education teacher or arrange for a pull out program to assist students who have learning disabilities. Strategies that will also cater to learning disabilities may also include the use of technology. According to Ford 2013 ‘In some situations it may be best for students with LD to be taught in separate pull out classrooms with a teacher who can provide targeted skill instruction in areas where a student is struggling.’ ‘When provided appropriate support within this setting, many of these students can achieve academically and develop positive self-esteem and social skills. (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 1991). They also recommend that schools should ‘require in-service programs for all school personnel to give them the knowledge and skills necessary to provide education for students with learning disabilities in the regular education classroom.’ Schools should include activities to help participants learn strategies to meet individual needs of students, foster attitudes conductive to educating students with learning disabilities in the regular education classroom, and promote
Students with disabilities are far too frequently isolated and separated from the education system (Johnson). They are often provided a diluted, inferior education and denied meaningful opportunities to learn. There are many education rights for children with disabilities to protect them from discrimination, giving them a chance for equal opportunity to learn what other students are expected to learn.... ... middle of paper ... ...