Gather all supplies needed:
• Leaves
• Grass
• Scissors
• Mortar
• Pestle
• Spatula
• Sand
• Acetone (10ml In total)
• Chromatography paper
• Tow pencils
• A ruler
• Capillary tube
• Petroleum ether/acetone ix (9:1)
• Gas tube
• Tin foil
• Bulldog clip
• Blue tack
• Pipette
1. Cut up a handful of leaves (reasonably small handful) with the scissors and place in the mortar.
2. Add half a spatula (no more) of sand into the mortar with the leaves, and then add 5ml acetone with the pipette into the mortar as well.
3. Carefully grind the leaves, acetone and sand together in the mortar with the pestle until the acetone liquid turns dark green –this green pigment is the solution you will put onto the chromatography paper.
4. Label the mortar L
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From the similarities in the samples we can see that the samples both had the same three substances present. Brown was found in the leaf sample but not the grass sample and light green was only found in the leaf sample so some differences were found.
Conclusions / Analysis
The substances: carotene, phaeophytin a, phaeophytin b, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b can be identified using a calculation to calculate the Rf of a substance. We calculate the Rf of every colour present on the chromatography paper. Then calculate: Rf = distance moved by the compound distance moved by the solvent
The compounds are the different colours that can be identified –the distance moved by the compound can be calculated by measuring the distance (in cm) from the colour (find the middle of the colour) to the pencil line at the top of the paper where the solvent/petroleum ether mix stopped. You then divide this by the distance the solvent/petroleum ether mix moved which is the distance from the bottom line to the top line.We can then compare our Rf values to a secondary data table to see if any substances are present and can be identified.
Name of substance Colour Rf
Carotene Yellow 0.95
Phaeophytin a Yellow-grey 0.83
Xanthophyll Yellow-brown
The data we gathered was tested to be as accurate as possible. Our prediction on the solvents did not support our data that we collected. The cause of this could be due to human error when washing the beets or the cutting of the beets. The beets were not perfectly cut the same size, so some beet pieces were bigger than others which can affect the final the final result. We followed each step and followed the time limits cautiously. I can say if we were to redo the experiment our results would be similar because we would attempt to do the experiment as close as we did the first
A spectrum is a group of light wavelengths that are ordered in relation to their wavelength length. The electromagnetic spectrum consists radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. (1)Specifically, this lab looks at the visible light part of the spectrum because one of the colors in the visible light spectrum is shine through the sample. The visible light spectrum consists of colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The color chosen to be shine through the sample is affected by the color of sample when mixed with the indicator Ammonium Vanadomolybdate (AMV). The color on the color wheel that is opposite of the solution’s color is the color that is shined through the
To test for this, DCIP (a chloroplast isolation buffer) was used to The hypothesis for this experiment was that the cell fraction in the cuvette marked P2 will have more chloroplast activity because it will exhibit greater color change and differences in the absorbance readings compared to the other cuvettes when exposed under the condition of light; moreover, this notion was believed to be so because the more a cell fraction is centrifuged, the more intact chloroplasts we’ll find (Leicht and McAllister, This meant that this cuvette (tested under light) should display a higher decrease in DCIP due to the reduction in absorbance (dependent variable) opposed to the other cell fractions tested depending on a sixteen minute period (independent variable). The overall goal was to provide proof, through data, that the cell fractions put under the light during the sixteen minute period would indicate a higher set of chloroplast activity versus the ones put in the
To undertake titration and colorimetry to determine the concentration of solutions By carrying out titrations and colorimetry, the aim of this investigations was to use these methods such that the concentrations of different solutions used can be identified, and to help find the concentration of the unknown solution that were given. Using Titration and colorimetry the concentrations of different solutions in general can be determined and this helps to identify solutions with unknown concentrations. In this assignment I was asked to carry out two different scientific techniques and find the concentration of different solutions.
1. In each case, is the ink a pure substance (based on your results)? Why or why not?
To continue this experiment further, I could use frozen chopped spinach leaves, or substitute the rubbing alcohol for methyl alcohol.
Step 1 -. Rub a small amount of sample onto a square of brown paper bag. Step 2 -. Brush off excess food and drink. Step 3 -.
The absorbance of these mixtures is measured at a suitable wavelength. If 'x' mole/litre are added to (1-x) mole/litre of M and if C1, C2
== Refer to, Chemistry Lab #1 – What’s the substance? However, I changed some of procedures during my experiment, here is the changes I made in this experiment: * I only used the toothpick to place a small amount of each sample on a separate piece of paper, instead of the spatula.
Cover the area using some clear cellophane tape, and remove it in order make an impression of the leaf. Remember to label each sample.
Prepare silica gel column. Add 6 g of silica gel in 20 mL of hexane to make a slurry. Block column with small piece of glass wool, add 5 mL of hexane and then add the silica slurry up to the 10 cm mark.
Prepare casts of the leaves surfaces by painting the adaxial (top surface) of one leaf and the abaxial (bottom surface) of the other leaf with clear nail polish. Allow the nail polish to dry for approximately 10 minutes. While the nail polish is drying, label microscope slides as either adaxial (top of the leaf) or abaxial (bottom of the leaf). Cut a piece of sellotape approximately 1.5 cm in length. Fold the tape over on itself leaving 0.5 cm of sticky surface exposed.
As explained by Saferstein “Chromatography is a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixtur... ... middle of paper ... ... ively place the suspect or perpetrator behind bars. Analyzing soil compounds can be measured by the levels of organic molecules including n-alkanes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids, which are all found in the waxy outer layer of plant matter (Geddes, 2008). It basically states that compounds can remain in the soil for thousands of years, which explains that each area being tested has its unique organic profile.
Create wells: put a comb template in the middle of the tray; wait until the mixture becomes solid. After, remove the comb standing straight. 4. Remove rubber ends: transfer the gel tray into the horizontal electrophoresis and fill it with the concentrated electrophoresis buffer. 5. Materials and methods: Experiment: 1st, prepared milk samples should be already done by the teacher.
After that, you can form your clay. Generally, this is depends to your level or skill. But don’t worry if you have equipment like pottery wheel. If you don’t have that equipment, you could always use your hands but you need to be more careful.