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The Theories of Child Development Raised in different cultures all over Europe and the United States, four theorists have become world renowned for their theories of child development. As we review and learn their methods, the hope is to be able to apply them to everyday life by recognizing and utilizing them in the classroom setting. Kohlberg, Erickson, Piaget, and Freud Freud, Piaget, Erickson, and Kohlberg; what do they all have in common? The common factor is their fantastic ideas about child development. While each theorists is from a different culture, their theories have crossed borders and helped many cultures to learn about child development. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud lived in the late 1800 's in Austria, and per bio.com, he was a neurologist that is known for being the founder of psychoanalysis. He became known for many different theories, including one on child sexual development (Editors, 2016). Freud 's theory of child development is a 6-stage approach that starts at birth and continues into adulthood (Salkind, 2006). Freud?s Stages. In the Encyclopedia of Human Development, we see an explanation of Freud 's stages. The oral stage begins at birth and continues into the middle of the child?s second year. It is said that Freud thought there were two sub-phase to this stage, one that includes sucking …show more content…
Cherry (2016) suggest, Piaget believed that children, usually infants and toddlers developed their senses of the world through the manipulation of objects. In the first, sensorimotor stage, manipulation of objects is accomplished through "reflexes, sucking, reaching, and grasping" (Salkind, 2006, p. 276). Piaget believed that children became, "little scientist" (Salkind, 2006, p. 276) as they actively explored their world, with a trial-and-error approach (Salkind, 2006). "Combining more mature motor behavior with increased planning and reasoning capabilities, the external world becomes the infant 's laboratory (Salkind, 2006, p.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development is three levels consisting of two stages in each. Kohlberg’s Theory explains how a human’s mind morally develops. Level one is typically common in younger children. The two stages in level one are pre-conventional stages. Stage one is obedience and punishment driven; one will judge an action by the consequences given. Stage two is out of self interest. Level two is mostly common in teenagers. The stages in this level
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development shows the different stages of morality as people change as they get older (McLeod). He had three levels which broke down his stages
Lawrence Kohlberg is known for his Theory of Moral Development. The method that Kohlberg used was that of “moral dilemmas”. Kohlberg studied Piaget but developed his own theory. He would give individuals of different ages these dilemmas and survey their answers to see what the reasoning behind their answers were. An example of a dilemma is the “Heinz Dilemma”. In this dilemma there is a man whose wife is very sick and needs a certain type of medication. There is only one man who sells this drug in the area and he is charging more than the man can pay for. The husband of the wife decided to steal the drug in order to save his wife. At the end of this scenario, it asks if the husband should’ve stolen the medicine. This provides an example of how he went about creating these moral dilemmas. They are situations in which there are multiple answers and reasoning that could be provided. There was no “right” answer in the moral dilemma questions (as the answer to each question was solely based off of the individual’s opinion and moral reasoning). The reasoning that the individuals presented help develop levels of reasoning. These levels are also known as stages. In Kohlberg’s stages, sub stages are also included. The stages are: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional. Each stages had two sub stages that helped determine what level of moral reasoning a person was at. In the preconvnetional stage the two sub stages are: Reward and punishment orientation and Naive reciprocity orientation. The preconventional stage begins at about age five and decreases with age. The sub stages in the conventional stage are: Good boy/girl Orientation and Authority and social order maintenance orientation. This stage increases ...
Kohlberg’s theory was often criticized for being culturally biased towards individualistic cultures because the third and highest level of morality pertained most to middle-class Americans (168). Erikson’s theory of stage development revolved around accomplishing certain psychological goals to develop onto the next stage of life. Whichever goal was completed, would determine if a person could move on happily or have problems along the way (Myers 170).
Kohlberg has six different stages of Moral Development. Stage one talks about Obedience and Punishent. Stage Two talks about Self-interest orientation.Stage Three Talks about Interpersonal accord and conformity. Stage Four talks about Authority and social-order maintaining orientation. Stage Five talks about Social Conflict. Stage Six talks about Universal ethical principles.
These stages are important to Kohlberg’s four most general beliefs. One of Kohlberg’s first assertions is that people advance through these stages in an invariant sequence. Advancement through these stages occurs in order from 1 - 6, with no stages skipped, and there is no regression. Kohlberg’s second assertion is that people cannot comprehend reasoning more than one stage ahead of their current stage. Kohlberg also believes that people are attracted to higher stage reasoning because it is more adequate, and finally, stage movement is motivated by cognitive disequilibrium.
In Kohlbergs moral stages five & six people begin to understand morals and social good then moral reasoning. Basic human rights become important as well as principles.
They are able of solving problems using reasoning and logic. They can organize facts and events in mature fashion and figure out possible moves and their outcomes. They can also deal with proportions and analogies and reflect on their own thinking. One of the major themes of development is moral development. The most influential research on development was done by Lawrence Kohlberg. It was influenced by Piaget’s cognitive developmental approach. Kohlberg divided Moral development into 6 stages. The first stage is called Preconventional level. During this stage individuals recognize labels of “good” and “bad”, right and wrong, but do not interpret these labels in terms of social standards. The next stage is called Conventional level. During this level individuals make moral judgments based on expectations, whether the expectations are coming from family or society. This level of morality is shown mainly by adolescents and adults. The next level is the post conventional level. During this stage individuals accept and stand by society’s rules and laws but tend to view them in terms of the underlying principles. Individuals may also follow personal ethical principles. This is where they take into account human rights or life and
As I was reading the three theories I found out the following most compelling main of points of their theories. Jean Piaget developed the Theory of Cognitive Development with has four stages, sensimotor stage in the infant years, pre-operational stage that manifests during the toddler and early childhood years, concrete stage during the elementary and part of the adolescents years and the formal operational state during adolescence into adulthood (Huitt & Hummel, 2003). Lev Semenovich Vygostky developed the Theory of Social Development. The zones of proximal development are between the ability of the child’s ability to solve problems on his/her own and the capacity to solve them with assistant (Shultz, 2014). Erik Erickson states that we develop through predetermined unfolding of personalities in eight stages (Boeree, 2006).
Many researchers have written about child development, but none are quite as well known as Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory and Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory have been essential for researchers to gain a better understanding of child development. While these theories are unique in explaining different types of child development, they have many similarities and differences as well.
Kohlberg’s theory of the stages of moral development has gained some popularity despite being controversial. The claim that the levels form a “ladder,” the bottom being the immature child with a pre-conventional level and the top being a post conventional ethical individual. The sequence is unvarying and the subject must begin at the bottom with aspirations to reach the top, possibly doing so. (7) Research confirms that individuals from different cultures actually progress according to Kohlbergs theory, at least to the conventional level. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development continue to provide a foundation for psychology studies of moral reasoning. (6)
Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: the nature and validity of moral stages. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Approximately 20-25% of people in their mid 20’s reach stage 5 (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). This stage (Social contract / legalism) is where the courage to question if a law or rule is just for society well being (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). An extremely few amount of folks in their middle ages will achieve stage 6 (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). This stage is called “Universal ethical principles” and considered the highest level of moral reasoning (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). The folks believe that the institutionalized sets of laws in society are inferior to their own set of ethics, beliefs, and reasoning (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). I agree with these final stages on moral development and one example helped me to understand and come to that conclusion. The authors pointed out how some people would not participate in going to war after being drafted because it conflicts with their moral beliefs (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). This was evident during the conflict in Vietnam and those who refused were also willing to accept the consequences for their actions because of their deep-rooted belief in killing people was morally
Kohlberg moral development theory has six levels broken down into three sections. These sections were the pre-conventional level, conventional level, and post conventional level. The pre-conventional sections consisted of the first two stages (punishment/obedience and instrumental relativist orientation). Next the conventional level consisted of the third and fourth level (interpersonal correspondence and the law and order orientation). In sequence the Post- conventional levels included the final fifth and sixth stages (the social contract legalistic orientation and the universal ethical principal). Kohlberg,1971 suggest that humans develop through these stages in life but everyone doesn’t meet the sixth stage. He suggests that people like Martin Luther King, Gandhi, and other influential people can only reach this
The second developmental theory is the sociocultural theory. The major theorist for this theory is Lev Vygotsky. Who was born in 1896 and died in 1934. He was a Russian theorist whose work didn’t actually get out until after his death because of the communist nature of Russia. The biggest part of this theory is that it’s less trial and error learning and more a person with more knowledge teaching the child. It really puts an emphasis on the teacher. He does say though that a peer with more knowledge can teach the child too. The weakness of this theory is he basically ignores the biological side of development. Also he makes it seem like the child has no control over their own future. The biggest pro is that it shows adults, primarily educators, that the world around them heavily effects the child’s education and life. That pro is also affecting the way we use it from an education stand point. We have to realize that each kid has a different upbringing and different culture outside the classroom. While I am not saying make a lesson plan for each kid. just try to be more individual with each