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King Lear as an Shakespearean tragedy
King Lear as an Shakespearean tragedy
King Lear as an Shakespearean tragedy
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Upon walking into the Special Collections section of the library, I saw a few small, relatively old looking books. I wondered which of these clearly old, but relatively unimpressive books was the one I was looking for. Upon inquiring about The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, I was pleased to see that it was so large and grand looking. I was not sure whether to begin with the first or second volume of the massive book in order to more easily find the passage about King Lear, but I figured the beginning was probably a very good place to start.
Upon opening the book, I was struck by the smell of the 400 year old pages. I was expecting the typical “old book smell,” however the smell I was anticipating usually goes along with books that are a century or less old, rather than four centuries. The smell I encountered was much stronger. Perhaps 300 years ago it smelled as I thought it would and it had simply grown exponentially more pungent. I was most surprised at how sturdy the pages were. They were not only much thicker than I’d anticipated, but they were in extraordinary condition. I’m sure a large, bound book like this would have been a relatively expensive luxury in 1587, despite the printing press’ use. It’s in such good condition that I can imagine it being bought as a status symbol. I can see it being part of one huge library collection, meant to fill shelves and impress rather than be read, which would explain the book’s remarkable condition.
The two large books seemed to be divided into volumes within each physical book. I could not find a table of contents, and each volume began with page one. I spent most of my times perusing through the second volume entitled “History of England” which came after the volume cal...
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... any children at all in Shakespeare’s version of the play. Rather than killing herself later as a result of imprisonment by the new dukes of Albanie and Cornwall, Shakespeare omits several years and her two nephews, and Cordelia still meets the same end, but at the hands of her own generation. Shakespeare’s King Lear takes the story told by Holinshed and adapts it to his needs to create a more thoroughly tragic story.
My visit to Special Collections was a valuable insight into the immense size and importance of a book such as Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Ireland and Scotland and how it may have affected Shakespeare’s play. The old book was extremely interesting and the history that it recounts serves as an inspiration for the further investigation of the legend of King Lear’s history and the story’s changes over time which I plan examine in my research paper.
The first argument Hall established was that the seventeenth-century Puritan society was surprising literate and citizens were able to read religious texts such as the all holy bible to other books, such as texts depicting natural disasters. He argued that printed text back in seventeenth-century New England was significance and extremely apparent as citizens would get involved in “a mode of reading that involved rereading certain texts- and not once or twice, but ‘100 and 100 times’” (Hall 42). Hall expertly elaborated that this Puritan society read and interpreted the
With Cordelia declared as banished, Lear states, “With my two daughters’ dowers digest the third...Only we shall retain The name and all th’ addition to a king. The sway, revenue, execution of the rest, Beloved sons, be yours” (Shakespeare 17). Lear’s fault here is that he believes that he can divide up his kingdom to his daughters and still retain the title as king; he wants to retire his position and responsibilities as a king but still remain respected and treated as one. His flaw in wanting to be superior leads to his downfall, as he is so blinded by his greed that he decides to divide up his kingdom to his two daughters who are as hungry for power as he is. They only want to strip him of his position and respect to gain more influence. Lear, not realizing the impact of such an impulsive decision, descends into madness when his daughters force him out of his home. After being locked out of his only shelter by his daughters, he states, “Filial ingratitude!...In such a night To shut me out?...O Regan, Goneril, Your old kind father whose frank heart gave all! O that way madness lies. Let me shun that; No more of that” (Shakespeare 137). Lear becomes fully aware of the consequences of his actions. He realizes how ungrateful his daughters are and how they have treated him unfairly even though he has given them everything; much to his dismay, he is left with
“London.” Middlesex Journal or Universal Evening Post. 10 August. 1773- 12 August. 1773. Gale Cengage Learning. Web. 29 March. 2014.
The Norton Anthology World Literature Volume 2: 1650 to the Present. Ed. Martin Puchner. Shorter 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 2013. Print
Shakespeare's King Lear is a play which shows the consequences of one man's decisions. The audience follows the main character, Lear, as he makes decisions that disrupt order in his Kingdom. When Lear surrenders all his power and land to his daughters as a reward for their demonstration of love towards him, the breakdown on order in evident. Lear's first mistake is to divide his Kingdom into three parts. A Kingdom is run best under one ruler as only one decision is made without contradiction. Another indication that order is disrupted is the separation of Lear's family. Lear's inability to control his anger causes him to banish his youngest daughter, Cordelia, and loyal servant, Kent. This foolish act causes Lear to become vulnerable to his other two daughters as they conspire against him. Lastly, the transfer of power from Lear to his eldest and middle daughter, Goneril and Regan, reveals disorder as a result of the division of the Kingdom. A Kingdom without order is a Kingdom in chaos. When order is disrupted in King Lear, the audience witnesses chaotic events that Lear endures, eventually learning who truly loves him.
When you first open the book you noticed the use of readership. The paratext used on the very first page is who the book belonged to, E. N. Goshorn along with certain family members related to the owner of the book. This page also had a date. I am assuming date was for when the book was received. This page did not seem feel like the same type of paper as rest of the book, it felt like a normal...
King Lear is at once the most highly praised and intensely criticized of all Shakespeare's works. Samuel Johnson said it is "deservedly celebrated among the dramas of Shakespeare" yet at the same time he supported the changes made in the text by Tate in which Cordelia is allowed to retire with victory and felicity. "Shakespeare has suffered the virtue of Cordelia to perish in a just cause, contrary to the natural ideas of justice, to the hope of the reader, and, what is yet more strange, to the faith of chronicles."1 A.C. Bradley's judgement is that King Lear is "Shakespare's greatest work, but it is not...the best of his plays."2 He would wish that "the deaths of Edmund, Goneril, Regan and Gloucester should be followed by the escape of Lear and Cordelia from death," and even goes so far as to say: "I believe Shakespeare would have ended his play thus had he taken the subject in hand a few years later...."3
In Shakespeare's “King Lear”, the tragic hero is brought down, like all tragic heroes, by one fatal flaw; in this case it is pride, as well as foolishness. It is the King's arrogant demand for absolute love and, what's more, protestations of such from the daughter who truly loves him the most, that sets the stage for his downfall. Cordelia, can be seen as Lear’s one true love, and her love and loyalty go not only beyond that of her sisters but beyond words, thus enraging the proud King Lear whose response is: "Let pride, which she calls plainness, marry her". Here, Lear's pride is emphasized as he indulges in the common trend of despising in others what one is most embarrassed of oneself.
It has been said that, “Rivers and mountains may change; human nature, never.”(worldofquotes.com) This is a quote that can be deconstructed when examining William Shakespeare’s King Lear and Margaret Laurence’s The Stone Angel. When reviewing the two books the main characters, King Lear and Hagar, are easily comparable. The first similarity becomes apparent when King Lear and Hagar are both developed as flawed characters. Secondly, because of their flaws the two characters become blind to reality. Thirdly, after being deceived by themselves and others as a result of their blindness, both characters seek refuge outside of their own homes. By leaving their homes the characters are able to gain perspective on themselves and their pasts. Finally, despite these similarities between King Lear and Hagar, a significant difference prevails after the characters experience their epiphanies and are awarded a chance to redeem themselves. When exploring King Lear and The Stone Angel it becomes clear that although both main characters engage in similar journeys to self discovery a critical difference between the two books exists in the character’s ability to redeem themselves after their epiphany.
Shakespeare uses subplots to dramatize the action of the play and give spark on the contrast for the themes in King Lear. Sub plots usually improve the effect of dramatic irony and suspense. The latter, which is used in King Lear, gives us the understanding of the emotions of the characters in the play. This follows the parallelism between Gloucester and King Lear.
Ray, Benjamin. "17th Century Documents & Books." 17th Century Documents & Books. University of Virginia, 2002. Web. 03 Apr. 2014.
Masslich, George B. "A Book Within a Book" The English Journal (1921) 119-29. Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 107.
Bullough, Geoffrey. "King Lear". Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.
Shakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tragedy of King Lear. New York: Washington Square, 1993. Print.
During the 1600s, Europe was standing between the scientific revolution and the the combined power of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolutions. This time was filled with religious confusion fueled by the transitioning monarchs and the desire to divorce that King Louis XIV had. Through the confusion, William Shakespeare sat down and wrote the play, “King Lear” to provide some of the environment he grew up in to the audience. Although the play Shakespeare wrote was fictional, it did comply with the time it was written. It supported the customs and values of the time while it influenced its own milieu.