Joseph Black was one of fifteen children born to parents John and Margaret Black. John Black Sr. was a wine merchant from Scotland decent. Margaret Black was also a member of a wine trading family from Aberdeen. Young Joseph Black was sent to school to learn Latin and Greek in Belfast. When he was 16, he enrolled at Glasgow University to study arts. However, his father thought Joseph should study something more useful so he chose medicine. The professor at Glasgow to teach medicine was William Cullen, who in 1747 instituted the first lectures in Chemistry. At one point, Black moved to Edinburgh but eventually returned to Glasgow as a Professor of Anatomy and Botany, and Lecturer in Chemistry. The next year, he was appointed to Professor of …show more content…
Although Black’s discovery of carbon dioxide was said to lay the foundation for modern chemistry, it wasn’t the only discovery he is credited for. He was the first to conclude that heat and temperature were two different things. Black used water as a universal substance to show that heat is energy, in which may be transported through moving and colliding molecules and the idea that temperature is the measurement of the average motion or kinetic energy of the molecules. He demonstrated this with a bucket of ice monitored by temperature constantly. The ice continually melted, but the temperature remained constant. Black is also well known for his discovery of latent heat, the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature. Latent heat was con be expressed in two ways: the heat can be absorbed if the change involves solid to liquid or liquid to gas or the heat can be released if the change involves gas to liquid or liquid to solid. Black took this idea and developed “specific heat”, in which is defined as the measured amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by a specified number of degrees. Joseph Black was never especially healthy, particularly because he suffered from childhood infections and eventually rheumatic problems later on. Strangely for those days, Black became a vegetarian and suffered from vitamin D
Thermodynamics is essentially how heat energy transfers from one substance to another. In “Joe Science vs. the Water Heater,” the temperature of water in a water heater must be found without measuring the water directly from the water heater. This problem was translated to the lab by providing heated water, fish bowl thermometers, styrofoam cups, and all other instruments found in the lab. The thermometer only reaches 45 degrees celsius; therefore, thermodynamic equations need to be applied in order to find the original temperature of the hot water. We also had access to deionized water that was approximately room temperature.
Nanberry, Black Brother White is a captivating novel based on historical events. From the Language Jackie French uses and the emotionally deep human elements and even more so for its basis in truth. I believe based on the novel, ‘a person’s identity is shaped by the world around them’. .This statement is mainly targeted at Surgeon White and Nanberry. Surgeon White’s environment and his surroundings shape him. He likes to characterise himself to a point where he not comparable with other individuals around him. Nanberry on the other hand, is a boy that is Cadigal and is shaped by his environment
Laurence Hill’s novel, The Book of Negroes, uses first-person narrator to depict the whole life ofAminata Diallo, beginning with Bayo, a small village in West Africa, abducting from her family at eleven years old. She witnessed the death of her parents with her own eyes when she was stolen. She was then sent to America and began her slave life. She went through a lot: she lost her children and was informed that her husband was dead. At last she gained freedom again and became an abolitionist against the slave trade. This book uses slave narrative as its genre to present a powerful woman’s life.She was a slave, yes, but she was also an abolitionist. She always held hope in the heart, she resist her dehumanization.
It is impossible for anyone to survive a horrible event in their life without a relationship to have to keep them alive. The connection and emotional bond between the person suffering and the other is sometimes all they need to survive. On the other hand, not having anyone to believe in can make death appear easier than life allowing the person to give up instead of fighting for survival. In The Book of Negroes by Lawrence Hill, Aminata Diallo survives her course through slavery by remembering her family and the friends that she makes. Aminata is taught by her mother, Sira to deliver babies in the villages of her homeland. This skill proves to be very valuable to Aminata as it helps her deliver her friends babies and create a source of income. Aminata’s father taught Aminata to write small words in the dirt when she was small. Throughout the rest of the novel, Aminata carries this love for learning new things to the places that she travels and it inspires her to accept the opportunities given to her to learn how to write, read maps, and perform accounting duties. Early in the novel Aminata meets Chekura and they establish a strong relationship. Eventually they get married but they are separated numerous times after. Aminata continuously remembers and holds onto her times with Chekura amidst all of her troubles. CHILDREN. The only reason why Aminata Diallo does not die during her journey into and out of slavery is because she believes strongly in her parents, husband and children; therefore proving that people survive hardships only when they have relationships in which to believe.
Today, more African American adults are under correctional control than were enslaved in 1850, a decade before the Civil War began (Alexander 180). Throughout history, there have been multiple racial caste systems in the United States. In her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander defines a “racial caste” as “a racial group locked into an inferior position by law and custom” (12). Alexander argues that both Jim Crow and slavery functioned as racial caste systems, and that our current system of mass incarceration functions as a similar caste system, which she labels “The New Jim Crow”. There is now a silent Jim Crow in our nation. Mass incarceration today serves the same function as did slavery before the Civil War and Jim Crow laws after the Civil War - to uphold a racial caste system.
In Blackmon 's book "Slavery by Another Name," he argues the existence of slavery after it was outlawed in 1865. This continued presence of slavery contributes to the existing racial problems faced in this day and age. On April 8, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment was passed, by Congress and The House, outlawing slavery. Although this amendment was passed as Blackmon points out there were ways around this amendment. Blackmon addresses four of the many ways that people would enslave blacks after the amendment was passed, those being convict leasing, sharecropping, chain gangs and peonage. This essay will go into depth on these four points and will tell a personal critic on Blackmon 's work.
Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States of America. His terms were served from March 4, 1829 to March 4, 1837. He was a very religious person. Jackson attended church regularly. The president opened his cabinet meetings with a prayer. When he was general, he would say a prayer before battle to his men. Jackson was the first President elected hailing west of the Appalachians. At the time he was the oldest President to be elected into office. Jackson's presidency defined itself in two central points: the “nullification crisis” and the "Bank War." Jackson took office, The "American System" program helped economic development through utilizing transportation subsidies, and through protective tariffs on imports to aid American manufacturers. A lot of Southerners believed these policies promoted Northern growth and that this was at their expense. Jackson slowed down the American System by vetoing road, and canal bills starting with the Maysville Road in 1830. In1832 South Carolina declared the tariff unconstitutional which made it null and void. The state took steps to block tariff collections within its radius. Even though Jackson favored lower tariffs, Jackson acted swiftly to uphold federal supremacy by force, or any means necessary. He declared the Union indivisible. He then branded nullification as treason. Congress reduced the tariff in 1833, defusing the crisis.
The Black History Month is a time when the children are taught about the inventions that were mostly done by the black pioneers. During this month, the children are taught on the most basic information regarding he black pioneers but the background information is not taught. Due to the shallowness of the lessons in this month, those taught concerning it carry very little significance of an individual such as Charles Drew having invented the blood plasma. This period is celebrated in the month of February and has been controversial for some time. Most individuals especially from the Black Americans argue that this month should not be celebrated. Award winning actor by the name of Morgan Freeman refers to the Black History Month as ‘ridiculous’. Bearing in mind the facts concerning the Black History Month, it should not be celebrated.
In school social circles, I always find myself "The Token Black Guy." I thought of this term for my role after viewing an episode of Scrubs on TV. I started thinking about the small number of black students at my school. It is something I have always turned a blind eye to.
“Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will,” Martin Luther King Junior. When King refers to shallow understanding from people of good will he is speaking of people that notice a problem or bad situation in society but chose to do nothing about it. Absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will is referring to people who see no issue is society. He believes the shallow people are more frustrating because although they do see that there is an immoral law in place they chose to not take action against it. . This is a paradox because Luther is explaining that the most frustrating people are not the ones who don’t think the same way as him but the ones who do.
In Cornell West reading on Dilemma of the black intellectual; West discussed three major points about the black intellectual: On becoming a black intellectual, black intellectuals and the black community, the future of the black intellectual. West also discussed on the black intellectual are as humanist. The Dilemma of the black intellectual is beyond and above the racist heritage according to West. The Dilemma of the black intellectual is a reflection of ones culture since the beginning of human race. Whites used black’s intellectual as a mnemonic device to imprint vital inhabits to isolated and insulated world of blacks minds through history.
The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an autobiography of Frederick Douglass which depicts the hardships and abuse he witnessed and felt as a slave, gives the reader insight into what it was like to be a slave in America. The type of slavery Frederick Douglass endured as an in-house slave for many years in Maryland was not as harsh or difficult as being a slave in another state such as Tennessee which is farther away from the North, or on a different plantation being used as a field hand. Frederick Douglass had the luxury of living in the city for a while, where “a slave is almost a freeman, compared with those on a plantation” and where “there is a vestige of decency” and “a sense of shame” which makes the city slave owners kinder, since they do not want to seem like an unkind slave owner to their non-slave owner neighbors. Even with this fact in mind, the reader is still able to understand the types of punishments that occurred, how the slaves were treated, and what it was like to live life as a slave because of the detail that Frederick Douglass writes in his book about the experiences he went through all those years that he was a slave and what it was like to become a free man.
Racism is something that is a problem in the world today, but in the early 1900s it was extremely worse. The way African Americans were treated was almost inconceivable. The comparison between a caucasian and an African American was like a human to a street rat. When the only major difference between the two was the color of their skin, but this stood and still stands to be a problem between people. There were many things done to help enforce the separation between whites and colored. Two main things that had a huge impact on racism, were the Jim Crow Laws and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).
The methodically use of discriminating against and segregating Black people, particularly as practiced in the South from the end of Reconstruction to the mid-20th century. Jim Crow is a name given to a group of laws to keep Blacks and Whites separate after the American Civil War. Lynching was the method of execution during Jim Crow era; it is now similar to death a penalty.
The United States rests upon a foundation of freedom, where its citizens can enjoy many civil liberties as the result of decades of colonial struggles. However, African Americans did not achieve freedom concurrently with whites, revealing a contradiction within the “nation of liberty”. It has been stated that "For whites, freedom, no matter how defined, was a given, a birthright to be defended. For African Americans, it was an open-ended process, a transformation of every aspect of their lives and of the society and culture that had sustained slavery in the first place." African Americans gained freedom through the changing economic nature of slavery and historical events like the Haitian Revolution policies, whereas whites received freedom