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Direct cost and indirect cost in economics
Direct and indirect cost in economics
Direct and indirect cost in economics
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Job costing involves usage of situations where every job is done cost differently, consumers specifications play a bigger picture in this case. Direct and indirect costs are encountered. It is believed that job costing has lots of costs accrued from the production to the consumers (REEVE, J. M., WARREN, C. S., & DUCHAC, J. E. 2012). This involves labor, running of machines, and all the individuals who are involved in the production of a product from raw to the final product, indirect costs are applied in this order. Job costing order is best showcased in a manufacturing company, let’s take coca cola company, company specialized in beverages manufacturing and distribution, usually customers have no say in the final products of this company, but as the trends for consumption of a certain flavor, according to their statistics they will conform with the demands. The special requirements, like name branding on the bottles of the beverages, customization of the containers have had a significant impact in the consumption of coca cola products (Weygandt, J. J., Kieso, D. E., & Kimmel, P. D. 2010).
Primary production of homogenous goods and several processes are undertaken for the finished product to be realized is what is called process costing. All stages of processing and costs accrued during manufacturing of a product will be added to the final batch of products. Keenness is
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As we see that process costing only concentrates on what happens in the departments, unit cost information in this type of cost comes directly from the department accounting office, while in job costing the unit cost information is derived from the job cost sheet (Walther, L. M. & Skousen, C.J.
Unit 3 Discussion 1. Briefly, compare and contrast job costing with process costing. Provide an example of process costing. Job costing and process costing define the costs of the product; they both track how manufacturing costs such as direct material, direct labor, overhead flow through work-in-process to the finished goods, and when goods are sold to the cost of goods sold (Heisinger & Hoyle, 2012, page. 201). In other words, they both use the same manufacturing accounts such as Raw Materials, Work in Process, Overhead, and Finished goods.
The Director of the Human Resources received complaints from several managers and the Senior Manager in Payroll. The complaint was regarding Personnel Actions being processed late in the Human Resources Information Center (HRIC). The Director was urged by the leadership to put the pressure on the on the team who processed these actions, since it was causing issues across the organization. With the knowledge of these concerns, he recognized it was necessary for him to determine why the Personnel Actions were being delayed and causing the issues brought about by the various levels of management.
One of the basic parts of cost accounting is to gauge the cost of tangible or intangible product or service. All costing models are attempting to discover the "correct" cost 1.e actual cost without any cost variances for all cost objects, for example, product, profit, segment, and division. costing methodologies all over the world apportion overhead by utilizing volume- driven measure, for example, unit transformed to first gauge a foreordained overhead rate then assign overhead by applying this normal overhead rate to the cost object. Requisition of such models is authentic for offices generating goods with less differing qualities. In any case, as manufactured goods differ, the wide averaging methodology prompts severe cost variations (Johnson and Kaplan, 1987, Cooper and Kaplan, 1988).
Cost accounting system has two types, job order costing, and process cost system. These two cost systems are very different, almost every company uses order costing or process costing. Starbucks, is a coffee shop where citizens congregate to drink there morning coffee, study, and or socialize. Starbucks is one of the oldest and largest privately held specialty coffee retailer in the United States. (Starbucks) Their passion is to discover the flavors you love and always bring it home, delivering the look, taste and aroma of the world’s best coffee and teas. Job order costing is a very easy way in order to help Starbucks managers to know how much profit their company (Starbucks) made.
After the purchasing on materials is made, then it turns to operation part which is transforming the raw material into finished food and services.
Also, please take into consideration how these reports are completed. These reports essentially summarize the cost of production activity with a specific reporting period and is a formalized summary of the four main steps that accounting uses to assign a fixed cost to units that are in and out in the final work-in-progress(WIP) inventory, which is inventory that is partially completed(Kimmel, et.al., 2017). In order for accounting to prepare its balance sheet, it is necessary to utilize these four steps to ensure that the production cost report reflects accurate data on inventory(Accounting Coach, 2017). The steps that were performed in creating this report were as
While after all the raw materials have been collected, the company will face the processing phase, meaning converting the raw material into finished goods, example: mixing the ingredients. This phase is categorized as working in process inventories.
The costing system is a system that is used throughout businesses that offer a service. “A standard costing system uses standard costs and quantities of all three types of manufacturing costs: direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead” (Blocher 2016 p. 97). Companies utilize the costing system to monitor the actual product usage compared to prior usage. Contractor use this system when bidding on jobs; once they collect specific instruction for the requested job they factor in the amount of material, labor, and other overhead costs then provide a quote for the assignment. “Strategic cost management is deliberate decision-making aimed at aligning the firm's cost structure” (Anderson & Sedatole 2003). Red Lobster and Kroger are examples
Process costing System is an accounting expression which describes one method to determine the manufacturing costs to the units manufactured . Processing is typically used when similar units are mass produced. Also process costing system is a type of accounting process costing which is used to determine the cost of a produced inventory. Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) defines process costing as " The costing method applicable where goods or services result from a sequence of continuous or repetitive operations or processes. Costs are average over the units produced during the period, being initially charged to the operation or process "( College Accounting Coach, 2007). Process costing is more important and appropriate for all businesses producing identical products during which production is an ongoing flow. Toyota is on the of the major companies in the world that used well-known new philosophic management to produce identical products using process costing system.
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing method that is designed to provide managers with cost information for strategic and other decisions that potentially affect capacity and therefore “fixed” as well as variable costs. Activity-based costing is mostly used for internal decision making and managing activities while traditional costing method is used to provide data for external financial reports. Most organization uses activity-based costing as an addition system for using traditional absorption costing as sometimes the traditional cost system misleads the product’s profitability. In a company, there are many products on sale, if one product is sold at a high price with low product margin and a product with high product margin at a low price, it may result in a loss. In addition, due to the reason that cost drivers and enterprises business may change, activity-based costing analysis also needs to be revised periodically. This amendment should be prompted to change pricing, product, customer focus and market share strategy to improve corporate profitability.
Dittmer, P. & Keefe, D., (2009) Principles of Food, Beverage and Labor Cost Controls 9th ed., Hoboken, N.J John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (US).
In costs for stock valuation, all elements related to the production process (Direct and indirec costs) have to be accounted for in getting the accurate cost of a single product. In other words, Direct costs must include all direct materials, labor and other direct costs. Indirect costs must include all production overheads, administrative overheads, selling overheads and distribution overhead costs. All these costs must be included in the stock valuation.
The changes made in the accounting system are directly associated to the changes in the quality control system of the division, which results in a need for larger interaction between the two functional areas. Firstly, due to the JIT process, the granularity of accounting analysis is reduced. The cost accounting process has become a much less finely detailed process calculating costs via an ex-post averaging of collective expenditures over produced units instead of the traditional procedure of calculating the cost of specific units or batches of units. Secondly, with the reduction in granularity of accounting calculations, the calculations monitored by the quality assurance information systems have become increasingly fine. Use of cutting-edge information technologies allow for the tracking of individual units and subunits, to answer the question earlier answered with accounting data: what was the deviation between actual production rate and standard production rate. This denotes a change in focus from financial information to non-financial
The cost controlling shouldn’t been confused with the cost accounting. The cost accounting involves the recording of the cash receipts and their disbursements, accounts payable, accounts receivable, inventory and initial investment, and keeping other general and subsidiary ledger accounts. The cost accounting identifies, defines, measures, and reports the various elements of direct and indirect cost associated with producing goods and services. The main objective of the cost accounting is communicating the financial information to management for planning, controlling, and evaluating. Thus, cost accounting is a main means to an end. This research will not focus on the inner workings of any cost accounting system but instead focus on cost control using data provided by a sound cost accounting techniques
Direct materials are resources that are used during the production of goods and it is directly linked to the product, while direct material cost is referring to the cost of raw materials used to manufacture a product. Those items which known as direct material is normally included in the file of the bill materials for a product. The bill of materials is the list of standard costs and unit of quantities of all materials used in the product as well as including the allocation of overhead. Direct materials do not take in materials that are used as one of the general overhead in a business. As an example, the air filters that are used in the ventilation system of a production facility are included in production overhead instead of direct materials. Alternatively, the cotton used to produce clothes and fabrics as well as the paper used to produce paper bags are known as direct materials. Referring to the cost classification, direct material is classified under product costs