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James Meredith, an African American student, was accepted into the University of Mississippi in the early year of 1962. After the realization of Meredith being African American, his acceptance was rejected immediately. During the year of 1962, Mississippi was still moving away from the segregation era. In order for Meredith to be accepted into the University of Mississippi, the Supreme Court would have to make a direct order to do so. James Meredith, was not welcomed by the state of Mississippi nor the students of the University. James Meredith, despite the hatred he received, attended the University of Mississippi.
In 1961, James Meredith wrote a letter to the U.S. Justice Department, declaring how his rights and freedom should be expressed.
“Ladies and gentlemen, my friends and fellow Mississippians: I speak to you as your Governor in a solemn hour in the history of our great state and in our nation 's history. I speak to you now in the moment of our greatest crisis since the War Between the States.” (Doc. 2) Governor Barnett compares the war between states to the acceptance of James Meredith into the University of Mississippi. He believes an African American being accepted into a white University is as big of a crisis as a War. “They will never submit to the moral degradation, to the shame and the ruin which have faced all others who have lacked the courage to defend their beliefs. I have made my position in this matter crystal clear. I have said in every county in Mississippi that no school in our state will be integrated while I am your Governor.” (Doc 2) The Governor claims as long as he is the governor the state’s University will continue to be segregated. The state of Mississippi did not want Meredith attending the University because they compared it to moral degradation. They believed having an African American student was shameful. Not only did the state of Mississippi disagree, but the students of the university disagreed also. The Rebel Underground submitted a letter stating, “This attack upon our state involves much more than the simple admission of one Negro to Ole Miss. Meredith’s registration is only the
Even though, he gained acceptance the war was not over. He continuously faced discrimination, hatred, cruelty, and racism. On September 5, 1963, Meredith wrote a letter to General Robert Kennedy. “Today regardless of all other considerations, I am a graduate of the University of Mississippi…was it worth the cost? Were the United States Marshals and other security forces needed or necessary?... I say to you that the cold-blooded murder of one of my best and most beloved friends…Mr. Medgar Evers…is documentary proof of the wisdom of your office to provide adequate protection for my life, property, and family…” (Doc 5) Meredith had to have protective security with him throughout his entire time at the University due to the fact he was number one on the murder list of many Mississippians due to him desegregating the
Woodward’s The Strange Career of Jim Crow immediately became an influential work both in the academic and real worlds because of the dramatic events that coincided with the book’s publication and subsequent revisions. It was inspired from a series of lectures that Woodward delivered at the University of Virginia in 1954 on the Jim Crow policies that the South had reverted to in order to deal with the dynamics of its Negro population. The original publication debuted in 1955, just prior to the explosive events that would occur as part of the civil rights movement climax. Because of these developments in less than a decade, the book’s topic and audience had drastically changed in regard to the times surrounding it. Woodward, realizing the fluidity of history in context with the age, printed a second edition of the book in 1966 to “take advantage of the new perspective the additional years provide” and “to add a brief account of the main developments in ...
The original edition of The Strange Career of Jim Crow had as its thesis that segregation and Jim Crow Laws were a relative late comer in race relations in the South only dating to the late 1880s and early 1890s. Also part of that thesis is that race relations in the South were not static, that a great deal of change has occurred in the dynamics of race relations. Woodward presents a clear argument that segregation in the South did not really start forming until the 1890s. One of the key components of his argument is the close contact of the races during slavery and the Reconstruction period. During slavery the two races while not living harmoniously with each other did have constant contact with each other in the South. This c...
... newspaper article shown by Woodward gave a picture of how new the idea of segregation was in the South. Woodward put it best when he stated, “The policies of proscription, segregation, and disfranchisement that are often described as the immutable ‘folkways’ of the South, impervious alike to legislative reform and armed intervention, are of a more recent origin.” (65) He wanted to show how the roots of the system were not integrated with slavery. Jim Crow laws and slavery were both horrible institutions, but they existed as two seperate entities. Woodward does not claim the South to be picturesque, because the Jim Crow laws were not established in the region. The South established Jim Crow laws and made them worse than found in the North. Woodward’s goal was not to protect the South’s legacy, but to give a clearer picture of the facts regarding the Jim Crow laws.
Imagine a historian, author of an award-winning dissertation and several books. He is an experienced lecturer and respected scholar; he is at the forefront of his field. His research methodology sets the bar for other academicians. He is so highly esteemed, in fact, that an article he has prepared is to be presented to and discussed by the United States’ oldest and largest society of professional historians. These are precisely the circumstances in which Ulrich B. Phillips wrote his 1928 essay, “The Central Theme of Southern History.” In this treatise he set forth a thesis which on its face is not revolutionary: that the cause behind which the South stood unified was not slavery, as such, but white supremacy. Over the course of fourteen elegantly written pages, Phillips advances his thesis with evidence from a variety of primary sources gleaned from his years of research. All of his reasoning and experience add weight to his distillation of Southern history into this one fairly simple idea, an idea so deceptively simple that it invites further study.
People attending schools before 1960’s were learning about certain “unscrupulous carpetbaggers”, “traitorous scalawags”, and the “Radical Republicans”(223). According to the historians before the event of 1960’s revision, these people are the reason that the “white community of South banded together to overthrow these “black” governments and restore home rule”(223). While this might have been true if it was not for the fact that the “carpetbaggers were former Union soldiers”, “Scalawags… emerged as “Old Line” Whig Unionists”(227). Eric Foner wrote the lines in his thesis “The New View of Reconstruction” to show us how completely of target the historians before the 1960’s revision were in their beliefs.
...howing the true race relations throughout the south during that period. Jim Crow laws might not have been in effect and might have been though unnecessary by a portion of southerners, but it would be interesting to find out how many African Americans were lynched during the period before Jim Crow laws became prominent for ‘offenses’ which would later be illegal under Jim Crow. Just as Woodward quoted President Eisenhower as saying “you cannot change people’s hearts merely by law”(163), so the lack of Jim Crow legislation does not necessarily mean that some southerners wanted it and lived as though it existed.
Marable, Manning. Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945-2006. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007.
Mississippi History has become the state its now because of many events, government actions, cultural changes, and writers. Indian Act Removal Act, 13th Amendment, and Reverend George Lee played a big impact Mississippi current status. The Removals of Indians increased the Europeans power and lessened the Indian population. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery. Reverend George Lee was shot down for urging blacks to vote. All these contributed to Mississippi History.
Permission was even required from a black’s employer to live in a town! Section 5 of the Mississippi Black Code states that every second January, blacks must show proof of residence and employment. If they live in town, a note from the mayor must be provided.
Orval Faubus had never been enthusiastic about segregation, but he was running for reelection and wanted to get the vote of the extreme segregationists. Faubus went on television the night before school opened, and declared publicly that it would “not be possible to restore or maintain order….if forcible integration is carr...
The time has come again to celebrate the achievements of all black men and women who have chipped in to form the Black society. There are television programs about the African Queens and Kings who never set sail for America, but are acknowledged as the pillars of our identity. In addition, our black school children finally get to hear about the history of their ancestors instead of hearing about Columbus and the founding of America. The great founding of America briefly includes the slavery period and the Antebellum south, but readily excludes both black men and women, such as George Washington Carver, Langston Hughes, and Mary Bethune. These men and women have contributed greatly to American society. However, many of us only know brief histories regarding these excellent black men and women, because many of our teachers have posters with brief synopses describing the achievements of such men and women. The Black students at this University need to realize that the accomplishments of African Americans cannot be limited to one month per year, but should be recognized everyday of every year both in our schools and in our homes.
Kennedy’s crusade began slowly to the dismay of many civil rights leaders in February of 1963. He began by sending the United States Congress a “Special Message on Civil Rights,” stating,
People think about the devotion and enthusiasm of these men and women of the federal government who factually at inordinate personal jeopardy, imposed the new reconciliation policies. One of these courageous communal servant is, Nicholas Katzenbach was a Deputy Attorney General under President Robert Kennedy, spent much of his governmental career at the most impulsive events of the 1960s. He helped to write the landmark civil rights and voting rights acts of the 1960s. He played a key role in the desegregation of southern universities and was present during the 1962 riots at the University of Mississippi following the enrollment of James Meredith. Nicholas Katzenbach was the man who faced down Governor George Wallace to enroll the first black students at the University of Alabama. He personally escorted James Hood and Vivian Malone into the campus of the University of Alabama.
James Howard Meredith was born on the date of June 25,1933. James Meredith, brother of 9 siblings, grew up on a farm in Kosciusko, Mississippi. He attended high school in Kosciusko as well. Straight out of high school, he joined the Air Force, where he spent nine years in the service. After he got out of the military he attended Jackson State College, an all-black college(“James Meredith Biography”). James Meredith had a huge impact on society because of his going to the University of Mississippi, breaking the racial barrier, and being a role model to all the children who thought that were not good enough to be able to make a difference in a world of discrimination. James Meredith has forever changed racial issues.
James Meredith was a Civil Rights Activist, writer, political adviser, and the first African American admitted to the University of Mississippi. Originally, Meredith's admission to the University of Mississippi was rescinded on the basis of his race: the University of Mississippi—at that time—was an all white institution. Because all public educational institution were ordered to desegregate, Meredith brought upon a lawsuit. The district court, predictably, ruled against him, but his case made its way to the Supreme Court, which ruled in his favor. James Meredith arrived at the university on September 20, 1962, but he could not enter the school as all of the entrances were blocked off. Violent riots erupted upon his arrival and the military was dispatched for his protection. On October 1, 1962, Jame...