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Linkages between culture and psychopathology
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Examination 2 Short Answers #1
There is a claim that psychoanalysis fails at the fourth stage of the standard scientific method model because there has not been any significant accumulation of knowledge for the theory since it was introduced. It seems that nothing has progressed, and as such, one could state that since there has not been any advancements, psychoanalysis is simply unscientific.
Thomas Kuhn, a philosopher of science, however, believes that this view of science is not accurate. He wrote an article titled: The Structure of Scientific Revolution that made an argument that science does not progress in a linear fashion in regards to knowledge, but rather science has two different forms of scientific knowledge accumulation. Paradigms are the “king” in the realm of scientific inquiry. These are wordily held theories that are at the forefront of science that everyone believes. When scientists encounter anomalies that cannot be explained by these universally accepted paradigms a new paradigm is brought into focus and “revolutionary science” occurs. These “paradigm shifts” abruptly transform that given scientific field and new theories start developing. This results in a rapid increase of knowledge for that given field. The Capricious revolution is a great example of this type of science. The prior paradigm in the scientific community was that the earth was flat, but then a revolution occurred and a new paradigm emerged – that the earth was in-fact, round.
Revolutionary science, however, does not occur all the time. Before a revolution can occur, scientists conduct routine tests and experiments within the commonly held paradigm. This state of puzzle-solving is known as “normal science.” When the scientist carries out...
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...der (or NPD). If You peer in the DSM you find nine symptoms that are common for someone with this disorder, but the individual only needs five to be labeled as having this illness. Some of these criteria make you ponder, take for example: “requires excessive admiration”, “shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes”, “is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her” and “is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love” can be applied to “normal” people as well. Who has ever had some or all these thoughts at one point in time? I am pretty certain that everyone has. Does that make you ill? It appears that some mental disorders are used to push morals and norms into society. If one does not show such norms they are considered sick and need to be treated so that they will conform to these norms.
Kuhn’s theory of paradigm shift. Mr. Bawazer offers a strong case. As an example from Mr. Kuhn’s theory we can understand how the different dog breeds evolved from the wolf. Depending on what type of breed you want from a hunting dog to a family dog breed, you can alter the DNA by letting the alpha dog to continue to breed or not. Next, we can realized that everything in this planet contains molecules or genes that can be altered. We also recognize that paradigm science and paradigm shift is a circular state not a steady line. This means that we have to adjust to what is going on the present time and expand from it, but always remember how it was done in the past. Thomas Edison well said “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” The only way to change science is to continue to try without being afraid of failing. If different engineers and industries unites forces to promote the use of natural resources rather than inventing new ones and also with the help of the government of going “green” will definitely help the environment to prevent
Atwood takes many of today’s potential scientific developments and illustrates the worst possible outcome of what may happen if we continue the unregulated pursuit of knowledge. In reality, the scientific advances of today will yield a higher standard of living for the majority of the world tomorrow. We will continue to push for the best in everything including science, medicine, and technology; we will not allow any single person to make the sole decision to develop an idea. Scientific progression will save many lives; therefore, it should and will always be there for us.
Without theories, scientists’ experiments would yield no significance to the world. Theories are the core of the scientific community; therefore figuring out how to determine which theory prevails amongst the rest is an imperative matter. Kuhn was one of the many bold scientists to attempt to bring forth an explanation for why one theory is accepted over another, as well as the process of how this occurs, known as the Scientific Revolution. Kuhn chooses to refer to a theory as a ‘paradigm’, which encompasses a wide range of definitions such as “a way of doing science in a specific field”, “claims about the world”, “methods of fathering/analyzing data”, “habits of scientific thought and action”, and “a way of seeing the world and interacting with it” (Smith, pg.76). However in this case, we’ll narrow paradigm to have a similar definition to that of a ‘theory’, which is a system of ideas used to explain something; it can also be deemed a model for the scientific community to follow. Kuhn’s explanation of a Scientific Revolution brings to light one major problem—the problem of incommensurability.
Since the beginning of academic studies, inquiries into history and science have often and generally been regarded as two completely opposite entities. In addition to different research methods, dissimilar types of "scholars" approached these diverse endeavors. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn discusses the juxtaposition of this dichotomy—namely the history of science.
It is important to be clear about the meanings of certain terms that you may come across and throughout the handout you will find footnotes clarifying certain terms. Firstly though, a word about the terms psychoanalysis and psychodynamics. Psychoanalysis refers to both Freud’s original attempt at providing a comprehensive theory of the mind and also to the associated treatment. The term encompasses both Freudian theory and therapy. You will also come across the term psychodynamics. This term is used to denote the approach which began with psychoanalysis but which has now broadened into a much more diverse collection of theories and models developed by other psychologists, all of which nevertheless retain some of the main ideas of Freud’s original theory.
...ned their idea and focused on a new change instead, the Copernican system. This was a good example of how scientists kept trying to study within their paradigm dimensions but instead of uncovering more normal science, anomalies were discovered breaking their old scientific tradition. As said earlier by Kuhn, as a new paradigm gains fame, the older paradigms lose members and their ideas and assumptions eventually get entirely forgotten. This is what Kuhn means by ‘mop-up work’ and how scientists strive to keep researching to expand upon the scientific achievements the community have deemed to be worthy or particularly revealing. New and unsuspected phenomena’s and anomalies are impossible to not uncover, introducing problems with the paradigm criterion and forcing scientists to possibly change their perspective on things, in time possibly resulting in a new paradigm.
Thomas Samuel Kuhn was born on July 18, 1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America. He studied and worked at Harvard, Kuhn was initially a physicist but later changed courses to study the history of science. While a student at Harvard Kuhn wrote the book the Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Paradigm Shift. In this book, Kuhn changed the view of scientific progress and his theory has been by far the most important and influential theory of the history of science since its publication in 1962.Thomas Kuhn brought a new perspective and option to scientific progression. Before Kuhn’s theory, science was taken as a steady and upward progression where theories were added one and another until the desired result is attained, Kuhn saw a series of revolutionary changes of the popular view of other scientist, where the view of one period had very little in common with the previous. Most importantly, Kuhn seek to find if were possibility for science to discover the truth. This essay will look at Thomas Kuhn’s theory of scientific development. It will begin with an explanation of the theory, and then will state some of its impact of science. It will then show and evaluate some weakness of Kuhn’s theory; assessing and mentioning the views of a number of scientists’ academics critical of Kuhn's concept of paradigms. Finally, it will then conclude by arguing that although Kuhn’s theory made us view the social effect of the scientific, it does this to the detriment of scientific rationality and progress which undermines the point of science itself.
The two fundamental components of Kuhn’s proposition of scientific revolutions are the concepts of paradigms and paradigm shifts. He defines paradigms as “sufficiently unprecedented [theories] to attract an enduring group of adherents away from competing modes of scientific activity” (Kuhn, 10). Through this interpretation, Kuhn constructs the argument that possessing the ability to convince other scientists to agree with a novel proposal serves as the most crucial aspect for establishing scientific advancement. Kuhn reasons that the task of discovering “one full, objective, true account of nature” remains to be highly improbable (Kuhn...
The aim of this essay is to provide a summary and critique of Thomas S. Kuhn’s groundbreaking thesis ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.’ This will be done by analyzing his concepts of ‘paradigm’, ‘normal science’ and ‘scientific revolutions.’ Following the overview I will present the example of ‘The Copernican Revolution’ to empirically show a paradigm shift. The rest of the essay is concerned specifically with critically examining Kuhn’s notion of a paradigm and the incommensurability between them. I will show that to define paradigm is a never ending task however this should not hinder the usefulness of the concept itself.
Naughton, J. (2012, 19 August). Thomas Kuhn: the man who changed the way the world looked at science. Theguardian. TheObserver. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/aug/19/thomas-kuhn-structure-scientific-revolutions
The revolution brought about many radical changes and ideas that helped to strengthen it and the scientists that helped to bring it about became significant persons in history. "The emergence of a scientific community is one of the distinguishing marks of the Scientific Revolution."2 It was this form of community that gave a foundation for open thinking and observing throughout the sixteenth century and through twenty-first century. It was the first revolution that had more of a dedication to the ongoing process of science than of a goal to achieve scientific knowledge.3
Psychoanalysis presumes that a good understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. It places a huge emphasis on the unconscious and how the unconscious is the precursor to human development.
Bowler, Peter J., and Iwan, Rhys Morus. Making Modern Science: A Historic Survey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 496-503.
...e Scientific Revolution." Washington State University. 1999. Washington State University, Web. 16 Dec 2009. .
Science, as we regard it today, was coaxed into consciousness by the ancient philosophers of Pre-Socratic fame. These legendary thinkers whiled away the days in deep contemplation regarding the nature and definition of reality. Out of the flames of the fire started by the investigations of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and others, a fork in the road arose along the journey in pursuit of reality.