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Approach anemia
Anemias case study
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Anemia is defined as a condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both or deficient in total volume. Iron deficiency anemia is the lack of iron to form normal red blood cells. Iron is imperative for almost all organisms because of its ability to donate and accept electrons with relative ease (Pantopoulos et al., 2012). Iron is required for cellular metabolic functions, oxygen carrying proteins, and cell growth and development. Those affected the most by iron deficiency anemia are children, women, and obese adults. The causes of it can range from low iron absorption to blood loss. Maintaining iron homeostasis is important to the well being of humans because iron can be toxic. The main regulator of iron is hepcidin, which is a small peptide hormone produced by the liver (Tussing-Humphreys et al., 2012). There are treatments for iron deficiency anemia, however, they all have restrictions.
Iron deficiency in the body limits the synthesis of heme, a prosthetic group of hemoglobin that in turn confines the synthesis of hemoglobin and decreases the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow resulting in anemia. The life span of red blood cells lowers because of the iron deficiency and even accelerates eryptosis. The removal of red blood cells during anemia can be attributed to an increase in membrane stiffness and a decrease in deformability, which decreases the ability of red blood cells to pass through the spleen without being removed (Nagababu et al., 2008).
Iron is essential to virtually all living organisms and is integral to multiple metabolic functions (Naigamwalla et al, 2012). It is the second most common metal on earth and has a redox potential that ranges from +1000mV to -550mV...
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...isms and Mutations of Human TMPRSS6 in Iron Deficiency Anemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 44(1):16
Yavasoglu, Kadikoylu, Uysal, Ertug, and Bolaman. 2008. Is Blastocystis hominis a new etiologic factor or a coincidence in iron deficiency anemia?. European Journal of Haematology. 81. 47-50.
Bayraktar and Bayraktar. 2010. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia associated with gastrointestinal tract diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 16(22). 2720-2725.
Nagababu, Gulyani, Earley, Cutler, Mattson, and Rifkind. 2008. Iron-Deficiency Anemia Enhances Red Blood Cell Oxidative Stress. Free Radic Res. 42(9). 824-829.
Tussing-Humphreys, Pustacioglu, Nemeth, and Braunschweig. 2012. Rethinking Iron Regulation and Assessment in Iron Deficiency, Anemia of Chronic Disease, and Obesity: Introducing Hepcidin. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 112(3). 391-400.
Anemia is a disease that is commonly seen in veterinary medicine. This disease can be described as having low amounts of red blood cells and a reduced amount of hemoglobin in the circulating blood, which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It develops from loss, destruction or lack of production of red blood cells. Anemia is usually a secondary disease caused by another disease or medical condition. There are three different types of anemia; regenerative, non-regenerative and relative.
IBS is a functional GI disorder, meaning it cannot be explained by any specific structural or biochemical abnormality. The disorder is subdivided into three different types, which are named on the basis of the predominant symptom – IBS-D (diarrhea-predominant), IBS-C (constipation-predominant), IBS-M (mixed diarrhea and constipation). Clinical presentation varies considerably with regard to the quality of the predominant feature and the overall severity of symptoms. Formal diagnosis is based on the most recent Rome III criteria, which require that a patient experience recurrent abdominal discomfort of at least 3 days per month over the previous 3 months, with a total symptom duration of at least 6 months, in...
Anaemia, which is a low level of oxygen in the blood due to a lack of red blood cells or lack of haemoglobin heart failure, which means your heart is having problem pumping enough blood around your body, usually because the heart muscle has become too weak or stiff to work properly a problem with your heart rate or rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation.
Lewis, Ricki, (2014), Human Genetics, 11th Edition, Chapter 12. Gene Mutation. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from
Hemochromatosis is a disease which makes your body absorb all of the iron in food, instead of regulating iron intake. Hemochromatosis “attacks” the entire body, especially the places where most of the iron normally goes: the bloodstream and liver. Some symptoms of this disease are bone and joint discomfort, liver problems, irregular heartbeat, and an unusual bronzing of the skin. Armand Trousseau first described it in 1865 as Diabetes bronze, due to people with diabetes showing the bronze-skin symptom. It was thought to be quite rare at the time. About “⅓ or ¼ of people of Western European descent have th...
There are many causes of anemia in the body. Some factors include genetics and deficiencies in the diet. Ms. A claims that for the past 10 – 12 years menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal have been a problem for her. Menorrhagia is abnormal and heavy menstrual bleeding during menstruation (Mayoclinic, 2013). Menorrhagia can deplete iron levels in the blood and increase the risk of an individual to have iron deficiency anemia. This is the cause of Ms. A’s anemia. Moreover, Ms. A says that she constantly takes aspirin especially in the summer to prevent stiffness in the joints. Aspirin affects and hinders the production of red blood cells (Mayoclinic, 2013). From the description of anemia given above, the lack of red blood cells, leads to low levels of iron and therefore low levels of hemoglobin which in turn affects the transportation of oxygen and thereby causing shortness of breath. Ms. A’s initial complains of shortness of breath and fatigue is the reason why she went to see the physician.
The heme prosthetic group, a protoporphrin IX ring structure with an iron atom ion the ferrous (Fe2+) oxidation state exist in both in myoglobin and he...
Iron is a mineral that is found the in hemoglobin of the Red Blood Cells. It facilitates in the transport of oxygen all over the body. Without this mineral, oxygen cannot be carried to its full capacity. 1 out of 10 women and small children have iron deficiencies. Lacking iron causes lethargy and a weakened immune system. Children who do not have an adequate intake of iron put themselves at risk for intellectual developmental problems. However, an iron deficient person is not necessarily anemic. 7.8 million women are iron deficient, while only 3.3 million women are anemic (http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/9704/iron_def.htm). When the deficiency becomes so severe that the circulating Red Blood Count and the minerals Ht, Hg, and Hem drop below normal, anemia occurs (See Figure 1). The hormone androgen causes men and women to have different normal values of the hemogram (http://www.medstudents.com.br/hemat/hemat4.htm). Low ferritin (iron storage molecule) and high TIBC (tota...
Iron is bound to 70% of hemoglobin (red blood cells), and the rest is bound to other proteins in the body or stored in other body tissues. When your red blood cells die, iron is released and carried by transferring the iron to bone marrow and other vital organs. The source of all the iron that you receive is in the food that you eat. The body needs
Nutrition assessments include clinical and dietary assessment, anthropometrics, as well as biochemical, laboratory immunologic and functional indices of nutritional status (Gibney, 2005). In epidemiological studies, different dietary investigation tools were designed to assess the nutritional status in individuals and populations, nutrition monitoring and surveillance and diet-disease research (Friedenreich, et al., 1992, Taren, 2002).
Iron is an essential part of a healthy diet. Iron compounds are employed for medicinal purposes in the treatment of anemia, when the amount of hemoglobin or the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood is lowered.
Red blood cells are carriers of oxygen. A percentage of these cells contain hemoglobin, which has the capacity to combine with iron. It's the iron-hemoglobin molecular structure that helps carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to your tissues and in return, delivers carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be expelled. A CBC with Differential that shows low red blood cell levels can indicate anemia. RBCs comprise about 40% of total blood volume; the RBC count is the number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood (Rauen, 2012). Normal red blood cells values vary a...
...ver problems. It may also make the person more likely to get infections. Blood transfusions may help control some symptoms. But this could lead to having too much iron, as it stated before. Too much iron could damage the heart, liver, and endocrine system.
Zinc is an essential trace element for many living organisms. While this can be said about other essential metals, zinc is unique in its physiochemical properties that give it the ability to interact with donor groups of different ligands, resulting in a broad range of stability constants and diversity of the biological functions and processes that zinc is involved in. It was discovered and recognized as a new metal in the eightieth century, While its biological essentiality was found by Raulin for the growth of Aspergillus niger In 1869 [1]. In 1933 Zinc was found essential for the growth of animals while studying its effect on rats. [2]
iron intake by 2mg. This is good because iron is what helps transport oxygen throughout the body. I workout often so have a good oxygen supply is very important to my muscles and body so I stay fit and don't get tired easily. Next, I looked at my calcium intake which I soon realized I was not reaching the target goal of calcium intake. Calcium is what helps our bones stay strong and help our bodies grow and stay strong when we get older every year. My body can be taking calcium from my bones so my cells are functioning normally. I can increase my calcium intake by eating more