Informal and Incidental Learning

753 Words2 Pages
bulb-icon

Recommended: Use of critical thinking in reflection

Informal and Incidental Learning

Formal learning is a recognized process of study reworded with certificate or a form of special recognition by specific institution. Formal learning is based in the classroom, usually the institution sponsors this type of learning and it has structured forms.

Informal learning includes incidental learning, different locations than classroom such as work place institution, and not highly structured. The learners control their own study progress and they deicide how much they want to learn. Informal learning is usually intentional such as self-directed learning, networking, coaching, and mentoring. Informal learning can happen incidentally and unconscious.

The following authors (Marsick and Watkins 1990 pg. 25) and (Garrick 1998 pg. 26) had been compared informal learning to the concept of “en passant”.

Informal learning compared to formal learning and conformal by ( Reischmann 1986 pg. 26), social modeling by Bandura in 1986, experimental learning by Boud, Cohen, Walker in 1993, self directed by Candy 1991.

The others authors compared incidental learning to:

- action learning as a variant of experiential learning,

- action science

- reflection in action

- critical reflection and trans-formative learning

- tacit knowing

- situated cognition

- communities of practice

Incidentals and informal learning is practiced in many cultures in different context, for example in the private and public sectors, hospitals, health cares, colleges and universities, schools, professional associations, museums, religious organizations, families, and communities.

Learning from the study

According to study conducted by Colbert and Diesel teachers learn informally through reflecti...

... middle of paper ...

...velopment. The employers learn how they can access a new knowledge, examine multiple ways to learn, and more effectively plan their future learning. Adult educator may help the employers to identify condition how to learn more effectively. For example the recipient of welfare are leashing to get a jog and keep the job for the extended time period.

According to conduced studies there are different levels of learning happen in various groups such as:

Individual learners - who learned by acquire knowledge and skills.

At the Team level - people learns by mutual construction of new knowledge including capacity for concerted, collaborative, action.

Organizational level - the policies, procedure, work process, information system, organizational mental models, and knowledge of the product and service influence learning

Works Cited
Marsick and Watkins 1990 pg. 25

Show More
Related

  • The Historical, Philosophical, and Empirical Foundations of Psychology

    3643 Words  | 8 Pages

    Smith, M. K. (1997, 2004). Carl Rogers and Informal Education. In The Encyclopedia of Informal Education. Retrieved from http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rogers.htm

    Read More

  • Ted Bundy: The Mind of a Killer

    2059 Words  | 5 Pages

    Henry, S., & Charles, M. (1982). Social Learning Theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 3 (4), 55-62.

    Read More

  • Kolb's Theory Of Experiential Learning

    1620 Words  | 4 Pages

    We use the term ‘learning' all the time in everyday life, but what does it mean? Different people will have alternative views on the definition. Commonly its described as the "step-by-step process in which an individual experiences permanent, lasting changes in knowledge, behaviour, or ways of processing the world" (study.com. Wind Goodfriend). Kolb defines individual learning as "the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience" (Kolb. Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Page 2). This skill is something most people acquire at birth and carry with them throughout their life. Acquiring chunks of information at a time: knowledge, through tasks they've been assigned or,

    Read More

  • Learning Style for Student Nurses

    1509 Words  | 4 Pages

    Learning is defined as a permanent change in attitude or behaviour that occurs as a result of repeated experience (Sims & Sims, 1995). Understanding one’s learning style has many advantages as it can help one to identify the learning method or activities that can help to optimise the learning experience. It has been suggested that the importance of one’s learning style has been identified through studies and research on how one can maximise the potential for success and further learning development (Honey & Mumford, 2006). Learning styles are unique to each individual and are developed in childhood (Chase, 2001). We all have different personalities; therefore we all have preferred learning styles that suit us best. The way one learns depends on preference. Some learn by observing, listening and imitating others and draw conclusions from their experience. There are several factors that affect our learning style; for example, background, culture, religion and environment can have a major influence on one’s learning.

    Read More

  • Freire's Characteristics Of The Teacher As A Learner

    1979 Words  | 4 Pages

    Smith, M. K. (2001, 2013). Chris Argyris: theories of action, double-loop learning and organizational learning. In The encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved from [http://infed.org/mobi/chris-argyris-theories-of-action-double-loop-learning-and-organizational-learning/

    Read More

  • Andragogy vs. Pedagogy

    916 Words  | 2 Pages

    The facilitation of this model allows adult learners to be active and self-directed in their learning.

    Read More

  • Spirituality and Health

    2670 Words  | 6 Pages

    Gibbs G. Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic; 1988.

    Read More

  • Formal Learning Vs Informal Learning

    1160 Words  | 3 Pages

    Firstly, informal learning can be connected with the history of school by the fact that the concepts are completely opposite. In the olden days schools were equated to factories, where the superintendent was considered the boss, teachers were considered the employees, and students were the products. This mentality created classes that were taught with the notion that punctuality, order, and regularity are what lead to equity and success. (Siebert-Evenstone,2016) Schools were very strict and formal, with the teacher being in absolute control and the centre of learning. Learning was either from a text or lecture, with the expectation that students were to repeat the given information either orally or in written form. This old formal concept of teaching is very dissimilar from informal learning, because informal learning is often unstructured, student directed, voluntary and inquiry-driven. Secondly, informal learning is connected with constructivism. Constructivism is a learning theory that suggests that individuals construct what they learn and understand. (Siebert-Evenstone,2016) The concept of constructivism is similar to what informal learning spaces try to promote. For example: constructivism emphasizes,the belief that learners need to contribute to their own learning, and that social interaction is important in the development of skills and knowledge. (Siebert-Evenstone,2016) This is like informal learning spaces because these spaces also encourage self-inquiry and socialization. At the zoo the learner decides what information he or she wants to learn. The learner can chose to either go to a certain exhibit within the zoo or not. The learner is also able to interact with and observe other people at the zoo to gain for knowledge of the

    Read More

  • Traditional Organization and Learning Organization

    955 Words  | 2 Pages

    The learning organization is the opposite of the traditional organization. It believes that there is always a better way to do things, it listens to those who work within the company, utilizes a systems approach, is orientated towards people and ideas, prevents problems, quality and customer-service is essential, and accountability to the team is essential (Anderson, 2003). The lear...

    Read More

  • Learning Theory

    1901 Words  | 4 Pages

    Learning is defined as a, "relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience" (Myers, 2010). The purpose of this paper is to present a critical analysis of the different theoretical approaches and explanations for learning through an examination of the theories of behaviorism, social learning and cognitive. I will investigate the principles and postulates of each theory, their strengths and their weaknesses. It is my belief that because each theory is best applicable to varying types of learning, it is best that a combination of each is used to provide the most complete learning experience.

    Read More

  • Reflection Of A Team Meeting

    1916 Words  | 4 Pages

    From the beginning, where we were unfamiliar with each other and became a team, my team and I had started to learn each other name and getting to know each other. Throughout each meeting, we slowly start to feel more comfortable and open minded with each other. Not only are we getting familiar with each other, each meeting that was held we progress of becoming an effective team member, we learn our strengths and weaknesses of everyone. During the meetings, we learn many concepts from the textbook, “Communicating in Small Groups: Principles and Practices” by Steven A. Beebe and John T. Masterson. We were able to learn different types of concept in the textbook and utilized it as a team to complete certain tasks. The three concepts that impacted my team and I are human

    Read More

  • Disadvantages Of Experiential Learning

    905 Words  | 2 Pages

    Experiential Learning is a powerful form of learning. As stated by Lewis and Williams “In its simplest form, experiential learning means learning from experience or learning by doing. Experiential education first immerses learners in an experience and then encourages reflection about the experience to develop new skills, new attitudes, or new ways of thinking.” (1994, p.5). Learning through experience is something that each one of us do in our daily lives, often on a subconscious level. Rather than reading, viewing or thinking of how to do something with experiential learning we can learn by doing. Traditional teaching or training may not always be the best way for all students in both the educational setting or corporate setting to learn. Often when you use reading a book, or listening to a lecture the

    Read More

  • Punishment as a form of behaviour modification

    2351 Words  | 5 Pages

    Lieberman, D. A. (2000). Learning, Behavior and Cognition (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. [Chapter 7]

    Read More

  • Essay On Group Size For Adults

    2094 Words  | 5 Pages

    Introduction: One definition of organizational learning is the thoughtful use of individual, group, and collaborative learning to reinvent new thinking and practices that continuously renew and transform the organization in ways that support shared goals, Collinson & Cook, (2007). Success for organizations demands nothing less than “the power to think, learn, and innovate”.

    Read More

  • The Importance of Informal Education

    1391 Words  | 3 Pages

    ...ormal education to step up and play a more significant role. Informal education activities should no longer be looked upon as "a day away from school" but rather an opportunity to further learning and have fun doing it. Informal education settings are unique from the usual classroom location so it is refreshing to learn in a different place, just like so many students enjoy when they learn as a class outside in the warm breeze after a long cold winter. Informal education provides students with a new outlook on learning and makes them more attentive. But more importantly, informal education assists formal education; it does not replace it by any means. While it is hard to find a "perfect exhibit" to fit everyone’s needs, informal educators are doing the best they can. In the words of Frank Oppenheimer, founder of the San Francisco Exploratorium, "no one flunks museum."

    Read More

More about Informal and Incidental Learning

Open Document