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Essay on human intelligence
Essay on human intelligence
Critically review evidence of genetic and environmental influences to intelligence
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Human intelligence is an enigma that continues to intrigue scientists around the world after its inception with the creation of humanity. Human intelligence is defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as the “mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate ones environment”. (“Human intelligence”) In order to evaluate human intelligence, we must quantify human intelligence. The intelligence quotient, also known as IQ, is a measure of cognitive ability. The general factor, which is abbreviated as the g factor, is also a measure of cognitive ability. The g factor may be obtained by isolating elements of an IQ test through a sequence of tests to provide a more specific measure of intelligence. Human intelligence is influenced by two factors, nature and nurture. Nature and nurture are both important factors that shape human intelligence. However, one has a more significant effect than the other. It is imperative to recognize the more important factor of the two in order to better understand intelligence and its development. By evaluating the factors in depth, we become closer to identifying what causes individuals to succeed and what causes individuals to fail. We become a step closer to identifying and preventing stimuli causing failure and we become a step closer in identifying and promoting stimuli causing success, whether it be inherited or learned.
As humans, we differ in our ability to learn, but no matter the differences the mere fact of our capacity to apply what we learn when required sets us apart from all other species. We apply our innate cognitive abilities to ponder the unknown to reach theories, whi...
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...both occur simultaneously, thus this research is aimed to increase an understanding of the intelligence and the factors that play part in its existence. This is a request for access to university resources to conduct this research. This research will be conducted in order to isolate one of the two factors as of greater importance, thus will become a point of direction in which researching intelligence may yield more fruitful results.
Works Cited
“Human Intelligence.” Encylopaedia Britannica. Encylopaedia Britannica Online. Encylopaedia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 7 Mar. 2012.
< http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289766/human-intelligence>
Onkal, Rustem. ‘Nature vs. Nurture’ Debate. Neuroscience of Intelligence. Macalester College. 2004-2005. Web. 9 Feb. 2012. .
There is something to be said for heredity, and the traits that we inherit from our elders. With recent advancements in genetics, such as the mapping of the human genome and the study of epigenetics, scientists have a better understanding of what traits are inherited. There are the obvious traits such as eye color, hair color and skin color that are inherited from one’s parents and there are genes making a person predisposed to certain diseases such as breast cancer. However, the line becomes slightly blurred when it comes to behavior, mental psyche and intelligence. The nu...
General intelligence tends to relate to various degrees with each other (Cohen 2012). An example of this is that if an individual is good in math, they may also be good in spelling. In this weeks reading we reviewed several different models of measurement of intelligence. In regard to these theories and general intelligence (g), the theories are various but have commonality and overlap. The Spearman's two-factor theory is if a test has high correlation with other test than the measurement of g is highly saturated (Cohen, 2012). The greater the importance of g on a test, the better the test is believed to predict intelligence
Terman, L. M. (1916). The measurement of intelligence: an explanation of and a complete guide for the use of the Stanford revision and extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale. Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.
The discussion as to whether nature or nurture were the driving force shaping our cognitive abilities, was for a long time considered interminable. In the 18th century, Locke and the English empiricists claimed that individuals were born with a tabula rasa and only experience could establish mind, consciousness and the self. On the continent, Leibniz envisaged the self as a monad carrying with it some knowledge of a basic understanding of the world. Until the 1960s, this dispute was still very vivid in the behavioral sciences: B. F. Skinner's school of behaviorism in the USA postulated (as reflexology did earlier) general rules for all types of learning, neglecting innate differences or predispositions. K. Lorenz was one of the protagonists of ethology in Europe, focusing on the inherited aspects of behavior. It was Lorenz who ended the antagonistic view of behavior in showing that there indeed are innate differences and predispositions in behavior where only little learning occurs. Today, it is largely agreed upon that nature and nurture are intimately cooperating to bring about adaptive behaviors. Probably only in very few cases ontogenetic programs are not subjected to behavioral plasticity at all. Conversely, the possibility to acquire behavioral traits has to be genetically coded for.
The bioecological model of intelligence, introduced by Stephen Ceci, concentrates on the potential abilities, environmental influence and internal motivation. To perform well in an intelligent test a person must have the necessary abilities, be in a positive environment and be motivated (Comer et al.,
His multiple intelligences theory suggest that intelligence is divided into eight different categories: logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist each with their own individual characteristics (Woolfolk 116). After finishing Gardner’s assessment of my multiple intelligences, it was determined that my three highest intelligences (in order from most apparent to least apparent) are logical-mathematical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Logical-mathematical intelligence involves charting, sequencing, analyzing, proving, and interpreting data. Interpersonal intelligence involves cooperative grouping, tutoring, and giving feedback. Intrapersonal intelligence involves independent work, self-talk, using prior knowledge and connecting this prior knowledge to new knowledge
The human intelligence. The definition of intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. Every human in the world has intelligences, however with different developed level. Intelligence is important because it play a role as the human basis of survival. If there is no intelligence, all the money, communication and technology in the world won’t help, it will be like a dead world. If we human live in this world without
In this world, there are many different individuals who are not only different in demographics but also different neurologically. Due to an immense amount of people it is important to first understand each individual, in order, to better understand them and to help them when it comes to certain areas such as education, the work force, and etc…. For this reason psychologists have aimed to further understand individuals through the use of psychological assessments. This paper aims to examine a particular assessment tool, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (Fifth Edition), which measures both intelligence and cognitive abilities (Roid, 2003). This assessment is usually administered by psychologists and the scores are most often used to determine placement in academics and services allotted to children and adolescents (despite their compatibility for adults) (Wilson & Gilmore, 2012). Furthermore before the investigation dives into the particulars of the test, such as its strengths and weakness’, it is best to first learn more about the intelligence scales general characteristics.
This is an essay about the different theories of intelligence; it will discuss which theory is best at determining intelligence in my opinion. The information provided will help describe the pros and cons of each of the theories being used to define intelligence, explain why is it important to assess children’s intelligence, and discuss the type of intelligence I possess. The different theories of intelligence are complex and understanding the elements of each can help an individual choose the one that they believe is the best for determining intelligence. Comparing the positive and the negative elements of each theory of intelligence will allow an individual to see both sides of the theory and the flaws that may be twisted
Most researchers believe that we are born with a certain intelligence or potential intelligence. They also believe that the intelligence we are born with is difficult to change. Psychologists use short-answer tests to assess one’s intelligence (Gardner papers). It was believed that intelligence was a single inherited thing. Human beings start out initially as a blank slate and could be trained to learn anything, provided that it was presented in an appropriate way (Multiple Intelligences and Education). Currently an “increasing number of researchers believe the opposite. Gardner defined intelligence as: “the ability to create an effective product or offer a service that is valued in culture; a set ...
...t find anything new. This description points out the hindrances on humans’ acquisition of knowledge because of our finite biological capacities.
The true nature of intelligence has been debated more intensely then ever over the last century. As the science of psychology has developed one of the biggest questions it had to answer concerned the nature of Intelligence. Some of the definitions that have been given for intelligence have been the ability to adjust to one’s environment. Of course by such a definition even a person who is generally considered to be dull can be regarded as being intelligent if he can take care of himself. Other definition is such as having the tendency to analyze things around yourself. However it can be argued that such behavior can lead to over-analyzing things and not reacting to one’s environment and dealing with it in an intelligent manner.
Intelligence by definition is “the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills” (Oxford Dictionary, 2014). However, many psychologists argue that there is no standard definition of ‘intelligence’, and there have been many different theories over time as psychologists try to find better ways to define this concept (Boundless 2013). While some believe in a single, general intelligence, others believe that intelligence involves multiple abilities and skills. Another largely debated concept is whether intelligence is genetically determined and fixed, or whether is it open to change, through learning and environmental influence. This is commonly known as the nature vs. nurture debate.
The nature versus nurture debate is an old issue within the field of psychology. “The nature-nurture issue is a perennial one that has resurfaced in current psychiatry as a series of debates on the role that genes (DNA) and environments play in the etiology and pathophysiology of mental disorders” (Schaffner) The debate is essentially about what is inherited (nature) and what is experienced by environmental factors (nurture) and how they affect human development. Naturally, the nature versus nurture debate relates to many controversies such as intelligence, gender identities, violent behaviors, and sexual orientation. There are countless studies on whether intelligence is an inherited trait or if it is influenced by environmental factors.
The other side to this controversial debate is the idea that intelligence is influenced ...