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Gender gap in political viewpoints
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Results Influence on Political Views The female mean of 7.59 was slightly higher than the male mean of 7.07, with females also having less variability in scores. On a scale of 3 to 15 that has a neutral influence score of 9, these means fall just above a level of slight influence. To determine if the mean difference was statistically significant, an independent t-test was conducted between the two genders. The p-value of the Levene’s Test was .876, indicating that it is ideal to assume equal variances. The t-test p-value was .322. Because it is less than .05, the null hypothesis fails to be rejected; therefore, the influence of professional athletes on the political views of University of Michigan undergraduates does not differ between males and females. Influence on Health and Wellness …show more content…
The male mean of 11.61 is roughly one point higher than the female mean of 10.63.
Females have slightly less variability, but the interquartile ranges of both genders are identical. On a scale of 5 to 25 that has a neutral influence score of 15, the means fall just above a level of slight influence. An independent t-test was conducted to determine if the mean difference between the two genders was statistically significant. Because the p-value of the Levene’s Test was .315, it is appropriate to assume equal variances. The p-value of .068 does not fall below .05 and thus the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. The influence of professional athletes on the health and wellness choices of University of Michigan undergraduates does not differ between males and
females. Influence on Product Use The male mean of 9.50 was higher than the female mean of 8.12. Males had a smaller variability than females. Females had a larger interquartile range and a higher maximum value and lower minimum value. On a scale of 3 to 15 that has a neutral influence score of 9, the male mean falls slightly above neutral influence and the female mean falls just below a level of neutral influence. In order to confirm that this difference was statistically significant, an independent t-test was conducted between the two genders for their product use influence scores. The p-value of the Levene’s Test was .014, which is less than .05, so we cannot assume equal variance. The t-test p-value was .006, which is less than .05, so we reject our null hypothesis and conclude that we have statistically significant results. Therefore, we conclude that the influence of professional athletes on product use of University of Michigan undergraduates is greater on males than females. Total Influence on Lifestyle Choices The male mean of 28.18 is higher than the female mean of 26.14. However, their variabilities and interquartile range are similar. On a scale of 11 to 55 that has a neutral influence score of 33, these means both fall below a level of neutral influence. An independent t-test was conducted to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between the two genders and the overall influence professional athletes have on their lifestyle choices. The p-value for the Levene’s Test was .742, which is greater than .05, so we can assume equal variance. The p-value for the t-test was .069, which is greater than .05, so we fail to reject our null hypothesis and conclude that our results are not statistically significant. We conclude that the influence of professional athletes on the lifestyle choices of UM undergraduates does not differ between males and females. When looking at the total influence on lifestyle choices for both males and females, the mean is 26.88 and median is 27. On a scale of 11 to 55 that has a neutral influence score of 33, this means falls below a level of neutral influence. This did not support the hypothesis that professional athletes have great influence on the lifestyle choices of University of Michigan undergraduate students. Additional Findings A Pearson correlation test was conducted on two independent variables to determine if there was a relationship between the two. The two variables measures were “interest in sports” and “total influence.” The test resulted in a p-value of .018, which is significant at the .05 level, and a positive complimentary Pearson correlation value of .269. This positive correlation indicates that as the level of interest in sports increase, the total level of influence also increases. The last test conducted was to see if ethnicities were affected differently in regards to athlete influence. The non-White mean of 28.7 was slightly higher than the White mean of 26.61. To determine if the mean difference was statistically significant, an independent t-test was conducted between the two ethnicities. The p-value of the Levene’s Test was .958, indicating that it is ideal to assume equal variances. The t-test p-value was .195. Because it is greater than .05, the null hypothesis fails to be rejected; therefore, the influence of professional athletes on the lifestyle choices of University of Michigan undergraduates does not differ between Whites and non-Whites. Limitations and Suggestions Limitations The study was not without its limitations. As mentioned in Data Collection section, the survey was limited to only 77 fully completed responses, as 32 were incomplete. In a student body undergraduate population of 28,983 this is indeed a small sample. The small sample is more indicative in the distribution in ethnicity and gender. With an undergraduate population ratio of males 50% and females 50%, this survey’s sampling was limited in the number of male responses, with a 36 to 64 ratio of males to females. While close, these sampling numbers do not accurately reflect the population. Further, the survey had limitations in the ethnicity apportions. The population of undergraduates claiming to be White are 65% with non-White at 35%. The survey’s respondents were largely White, at 87%, while non-White made up the remaining 13%. Again, this is not a correct representation of the undergraduate population. Another limitation was the operationalization of the key concept “Lifestyle.” Only three categories were surveyed while many others went unmeasured. Further complications lie in the definition of “lifestyle” alone, “The persistent conceptual and operational imprecision of the lifestyle construct has not only handicapped lifestyle research, but has undermined its usefulness as a segmentation variable” (Anderson and Golden, 1984). And lastly, as with all surveys, response bias is a factor in responses. Suggestions If the study were to be conducted again, or additional studies to be made in conjunction with this particular one some suggestions could be made. The biggest factor would be obtaining a larger sample by having more responses and therefore allowing for a more accurate representation of the undergraduate population. Further analysis could be conducted on the influence of male athletes versus the influence of female athletes. Independant tests could be ran testing hypotheses on the different genders, ethnicities, and in totality. One final suggestion would be to conduct a test to see the variations in athlete influence among different sports, namely the big five sports. Conclusion Professional athletes have a relatively small influence on the lifestyle choices of UM undergraduates. The tests ran showed insufficient evidence to suggest that professional athletes have a greater influence on the lifestyle choices of males than females in the three operationalized categories. In the category “political views” the data collected suggests there is no difference in the influence of males to females. In the category of “Health and Wellness” the data collected suggests there is no difference in the influence of males to females. In the category “Product use” the data collected suggests that males are influenced more than females. Further test’s evidence suggests a positive correlation between “interest in sports” and “influence of athlete”; ultimately the more interest one has in sports, the greater the influence an athlete will have on that particular individual. Lastly, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that professional athletes influence ethnicities differently; this is in part due to the sampling of respondents.
Blood pressure rising and testosterone dropping are good symptoms (that is, to someone who is a sports enthusiast); nail biting, heart pounding, and barn burning games are bread and butter to sports enthusiasts such as me. Rivalry, unity, and relaxation help me bond with other individuals who share a common interest as I do. Within the article “Are Sports Fans Happier?”, author Sid Kirchheimer gives his bias reasoning over sports and its social, health, and psychological effects on sports enthusiasts, which elaborates and aligns concisely to why I passionately enjoy lacrosse and soccer. Fundamentally speaking, sports initially bequeath an array of positive benefits besides good health and mental stability; sports allow individuals to indulge
One crowd was made up of middle-aged college graduates who played division one sports. The supplemented group comprised of middle-aged college graduates who did not participate in sports. The study showed they were in much poorer physical condition, and agonized from a number of things including depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Non-athletes portrayed much less signs of wear and tear. The fact that they do not get paid is only part of the problem.
It goes without saying that a person's gender, racial and social origins influence their participation in sports. Particular races and genders often dominate certain sports. African Americans, for example, tend to dominate football and basketball, while Caucasians tend to dominate ice hockey. The same holds true for gender as well. Football is an entirely male dominated sport, while horseback riding, gymnastics and figure skating are much more female oriented. How and why did these divisions come about? Determining the origin of gender goes beyond the scope of this paper, however one can speculate about how gender classifications and stereotypes affect one's role in the sports arena.
Students who participate in sports remain physically active. Student athletes have practice and must keep “in shape” to compete against other high school teams. Researchers have said the younger population has grown obese. Students who remain in high school sports have a lower risk of becoming obese. Obesity is growing rapidly in the nation and having kids participate in sports will help the nation’s obesity rate decrease. The reason students stay healthy is because the practice may involve running, weight training, and flexibility to help stay in “shape”. Students involved in sports are also encouraged to eat better to ensure the best body to perform at top level. Athletes have a desire to win and be the best. This forces an athlete to live a healthier
Social determinants of health has been a large topic for many years and can have a positive and negative effect on individuals, families and communities. (World Health Organisation, 2009) The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels, which are themselves influenced by policy choices. Social determinants have many factors and in this essay education will be the main social determinant of health discussed and how this could have an impact on the physical and mental sides of health.
McHugh Engstrom, Catherine, and William E. Sedlacek. "A Study Of Prejudice Toward University Student-Athletes." Journal Of Counseling & Development 70.1 (1991): 189-193. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 May 2014.
A person’s health along with the health of a community are influenced heavily by the social determinants of health. These determinants create a strong foundation for a healthy and proper development of a community (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2013). Further, a proper foundation will allow the children within the community to develop properly, which will foster their potential for intellectual and physical intelligence. This paper will explore the effects of healthy childhood development, personal health practices and coping skills, health services and income and social statuses with in the Maple Leaf neighbourhood. Further, this paper will explore how the above social determinants of health directly affect the students of St. Fidelis school. Lastly, this paper will explain how the rise in cavities within these children is an issue as well as approached to overcome this issue.
Carr et al. (1990) looked at the frequency of alcohol use, intoxication, and attitudes concerning adolescent alcohol abuse. They found that male high school athletes both use and abuse alcohol more frequently than do non-athletes. Also male non-athletes tend to abstain from alcohol use more than the athletes do. They found no difference in the frequency of use or abuse of alcohol by female athletes and non-athletes. There was also no difference in the frequency of alcohol consumption between male and female athletes. But three fourths of the male athletes reported getting intoxicated when consuming alcohol compared to half of the female athletes.
College students who are in athletics are one of the most recognized student organizations on campus that engage in health-risk behaviors (Ward & Gryczynski, 2007). According to Ford (2007), college athletes are at greater risk of engaging in risky activities, such as getting drunk to forget about problems. Many athletes stress over maintaining a balance between academics and a high level of athletic performance. In order to relieve stress athletes consume more alcohol. Furthermore, most athletes assume that alcohol consumption does not effect their ...
Initial analysis revealed the prevalence of heavy alcohol consumption among this student athlete population; with 68.9% of participants scoring +8 on the AUDIT. This is consistent with and adds to the rising body of research regarding the high rates of hazardous drinking behaviours in university sports people (Brenner and Swanik, 2007; Doumas, 2013; Leichliter et al., 1998; Nelson and Wechsler, 2001; Weschler et al., 1997). Furthermore, as predicted, we found greater levels of hazardous drinking in male athletes compared to female athletes. This is in accordance with previous research (O’Brien et al., 2007; Weaver et al., 2013) highlighting the significant gender differences in relation to alcohol consumption and confirms the need to control for this variable. Young and White (2000) suggest that women tend to be more health conscious than men; and therefore it is possible that women drink less due to the negative health consequences associated with heavy alcohol consumption.
The sports environment can heighten body-and-weight-related concerns because of factors such as pressure from coaches, social comparison with teammates, team weigh-ins, performance demands, physique-revealing uniforms and judging criteria. (p. 489)
If one wants to live an enjoyable, fulfilling life they must know what it truly means to be well. Living a wellness lifestyle means incorporating all aspects of what it takes to flourish as a human being. It goes beyond the health of the physical body and incorporates the important social, emotional, and spiritual factors that play a part in every person’s life in one way or another. Knowing how to act correctly, control our feelings, channel our frustrations, and improve in each dimension of wellness will lead to a satisfactory life. Spiritual, physical, emotional, nutritional, and social wellness define the biggest components of life and thriving in them is vital.
Mintel. (2013). Teen athletes more likely to drink, less likely to use drugs. Available: http://academic.mintel.com.atlas.worc.ac.uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/display/id=687169?highlight. Last accessed 4th January 2014.
Ann, 2007, pg. 57), however this is not true. This mentality causes males to resent the female athletes, thus rendering it even more difficult for them to succeed. Without a shift in gender ideology, females will continue to face adversity, regardless of the amount of change that has occurred over the last 30 years. There does not need to be equality between the genders within sports, however equity must be seen, with the perception of the abilities that female athletes possess not being compared to that of males. This would aid males to not feel as threatened by females participating in sports and physical
Throughout our healthy brains, healthy bodies course so far, we have learned time and time again about the strong and important relationship between our brains and our bodies. Health and wellness is not one single thing, it is a collection of practices, attitudes and ways of being in the world, which help us cultivate the best form of ourselves. Finding and understanding the ways in which we can best take care of ourselves, and then applying them, gives us the opportunity to improve our physical, cognitive, mental and emotional wellbeing. Embodying our healthiest selves helps not only us, it helps those around us by providing a positive example about how to exist within our own bodies, and exist within the world. Throughout this paper, we will