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The roles of men and women in the family
Confucianism easy
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1.7 Masculinity
Masculinity refers to set of attributes, behaviors and roles generally associated with boys or men and constitute of biologically created and socially defined factors. There are three main characteristics attributed as masculine according to David Gilmore (1990) – protect, procreate and provide. Protection implies that men need to establish and defend social and physical boundaries. This role requires them to have physical strength and endurance. A man’s physical capabilities affect every aspect, from self-preservation to mating preferences. Physical and emotional stoicism is expected from them – men are expected to suppress their feelings to enable themselves to maintain an objective view. Intellectual capabilities take precedence over emotion or intuition. Their role in procreation is as the aggressor in finding a mate and is recognized in most cultures. It is required of men to possess virility and potency, the ability to sexually satisfy a woman, fecundity and having progeny. As providers, men work primarily to feed and create an environment of comfort for their
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The influence of Neo-Confucianism is seen mainly in family life (the smallest social unit recognized there). The country has a vertical structure and follows the five bonds of relationship ascribed in Confucianism – ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and older friend and younger friend (https://www.reference.com/world-view/five-basic-relationships-confucianism-e5b27f5c3ca1ff46). In all the relationships the older person or the superior is responsible for looking after the younger ones and all responsibilities and powers lies with them. The younger ones are supposed to look after them, obey them and fulfill filial piety. Almost all social etiquettes are derived from this
The concept of masculinity is considered as the qualities and characteristics of a man, typical what is appropriate to a man. In this article, A Community Psychology of Men and Masculinity: Historical and Conceptual Review, The author Eric S. Mankowski and Kenneth I. Maton, analyze four main themes: "Men as gendered beings, the privilege and damage of being a masculine man, men as a privileged group, and men’s power and subjective powerlessness. The second and fourth themes are described as
In the text, The High Cost of Manliness, writer Robert Jensen discusses the harmful effects of having male specific characteristics such as masculinity. It has come to his attention that men’s actions and ways of living are judged based upon the characteristic of being manly. Jenson argues that there is no valid reasoning to have characteristics associated with males. Society has created the notion that masculinity is the characteristic that defines males as males.
Robert Jensen, a journalism professor at the University of Texas, describes in his essay, The High Cost of Manliness how society has seen men and what behavior is acceptable. Many people perceive men as, “naturally competitive and aggressive” (Jensen). Jensen show how men are not supposed to show any, “struggle for control, conquest and domination.” Instead, what needs to be seen, however, that is not always the case, no one is made the same way, everyone thinks and interprets information differently. Robert expresses how, “hard (it is) to live up to the demand that come with the dominant conception of masculinity.” Not all men need to be the textbook definition of masculine. Room for diversity is a must, it separates each person from the other.
The relationship between ruler and subject is that the ruler must work to protect and govern, while subjects must provide their ruler with loyalty. The father is responsible for caring for his son and providing him an education, while the son must show his father obedience and honor. In the husband and wife relationship, the husband is to provide for his wife, while the wife shows obedience and takes care of the home. The older brother has the responsibility to take care of his younger brother and look after him, while the younger brother must show obedience. Lastly, the relationship between elder and younger places the elder with the responsibility of taking care of the younger. The younger must then show respect and obedience toward the elder. In the even that the elder is unable to care for themselves, as in the case of aging parents, it is the younger’s responsibility to care for the elder. The idea is that when each person is doing their duty in each relationship, society will run much more smoothly and harmoniously. While Confucianism focuses on social aspects, it does not consider the
his Essay will analyse, introduce, and discuss the terms Hegemonic Masculinity and Emphasized femininity, if it still applies in modern times and the use of these concepts to comprehend the role of the man and female in Eastern Asia, in relation to post-war Japan. In order to present a clear and linear argument I will divide this essay into three parts: In the first part I will define the term hegemonic masculinity, the common traits and the influence that it has in society; the essay will continue then in explaining and outlining the term emphasized femininity. The second part will analyse the impact of the notions of hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity in relation to post war Japan has. The last part will briefly identify some
Confucianism is a philosophy and way of life formed in China by Confucius, an early Chinese philosopher. It began as a simple concept with ideals of personal virtue, simple filial piety, and basic gender distinctions and social inequalities. But, over time with the emergence of Neo-Confucianism it began to transform into a way of life that was degrading towards women with certain hostilities towards rivaling religions. In its early period, from around 500 B.C.E to the Common Era, Confucianism changed in that it became the leading belief system and a major part of Chinese tradition. From the transition into the Common Era to the end of the Classical time period, Confucianism was altered because of a loss of popularity following the collapse of the Han dynasty and the corruption in the governing political system. In its ending period, the post-classical era, Confucianism underwent perhaps its biggest adjustments with the emergence of Neo-Confucianism. The ideas and virtues presented in the “rebirth of Confucian philosophies” of intolerance of foreign religions and extreme filial piety...
Throughout history, time has created and shaped the ideal type of men, while society chooses what it means to be a real man..The ideal real men needed to be strong, provider of his family, decision maker, economically, educationally, physically, and politically dominant (Myers). The difference between the masculinity of the 20th century and the 21st has changed significantly. The ideal men status in 1900’s was rich, educated, powerful, and successful. In today’s perspectives, men needs to be strong, tall, handsome, capable, and unemotional. The contrast of these two centuries are mostly about men’s social status and appearances. Before, it was all about what a man is capable of doing and how powerful he could be compared to today’s ideal,
This paper will detail the toxic effects that were caused by the hypermasculine attitude our culture has created. It will prove that glorification of masculinity encourages abuse, violence, and gender roles. What do most people think when they hear the phrase “be a man”? They probably think to toughen up and suppress their emotions, because everyone knows men don’t cry. In our society, traditional masculinity is characterized by violence, danger, promiscuity, and a lack of emotions. This is seen as the ultimate standard all men must aspire to. This infatuation with standard masculine ideals has instilled people with a mindset of male superiority. Society’s glorification of masculinity is toxic because it encourages
In this world, everyone is different and unique, so each person has their own opinion and way of thinking. Therefore, it makes masculinity a very controversy subject to talk about. This subject is so big and has many ways to look at it, so it is difficult to say which opinion is right or which opinion is wrong. Everyone has their own way to think of it, so of course they will have their own supporting story or details to support their argument. Opinions of masculinity are different in everyone and the concepts masculinity is changing over time.
In the United States, there are many problems that stem from one seemingly small problem; masculinity. In our country, and many others, men are expected to behave a certain way or they are considered invalid to their gender. The reason masculinity is toxic is because it leads to higher levels of violence and sexual assault. As a society, we need to redefine what masculinity means and how we can change it so it will be a positive thing in our country opposed to a negative thing.
To be a man, as defined by James Emry a M.A. from USC. Masculine Psychology, Social Behaviorism & Marriage emphasis, “…masculinity is defined by the EXISTENCE of positive traits like strength, honor, and resilience. Negative masculinity focuses on the ABSENCE of softer traits like compassion, understanding, and caring” (Emry 1). If a man shows the slightest bit of feminine traits they are criticized and judged harshly by those around them. The U.S. in particular has created this unrealistic standard for men that will never be reached. Everyday a boy/man, “…feels inferior because he is unable to fit the standard” (Olson 1). Some men take this complex standard on as a full time job. They constantly workout to maintain the physique that is acquired of men and feel that they have to constantly be emotionally distant in order to seem
A young boy is walking home from the bus stop after school. Suddenly three boys run up to him from behind and tackle him to the ground and throw his diorama away from him. When the boy gets home his parents ask why his diorama is beat up. He doesn’t want to tell his parents what happened, because being picked on, showing large amounts of emotion, and telling is a weak thing to do. The parents eventually do hear the story and confront one of the bully’s parents the next day about what happened, the bully’s parents reply, “Well boys will be boys”. The story that just been told is an example of the major problems with todays society’s view on masculinity: being weak is bad, violent behavior is acceptable because it is natural, and it is acceptable for males to show excessive amounts of aggression. The story shows three issues, but there are others. The idea of
The teachings of Confucius put order, hierarchy and social harmony over individual egoism, that is, the person is subject to the strict system of laws, obligations and rituals. Social relations are based on the criteria of age, sex and generation: in the political sphere, the governed render their maximum loyalty to the governor, while in the family, the children obey the father, the younger brother obeys the older one and, finally, the wife obeys the husband. In the different stages of life, women are always under masculine authority. As a young girl, she must obey her father, when she marries, her husband, and finally, when she becomes a widow, her
They have to live up to societies expectations, which states that men are able to be providers (breadwinners). Furthermore, due to the biological advantage of being able to bear children, women are automatically viewed as women, however; men must prove their “manhood”. Men are also termed as being “macho” which entails a complex variety of attitudes, expectations and performances (Wilson 1969). As in the case of Puerto Rico, men are socialized from childhood to be aggressive and even the use of male is interchangeable with the word “macho”. The male has to express himself with caution so as not to be perceived as feminine or weak, for example he should not cry or become emotional. At times, being unemployed or unable to provide for his family, cause males to feel “less than a man” and their self esteem and worth is threatened. A mans ability to financially secure his family, display his sexual prowess, pass on his family names wins him respect and proves his manhood. According to (Wilson 1969) male morality becomes the center of a rational system of value and their virility is manifested in their sexual activities and
Masculinity and femininity are two terms, which have been interpreted differently throughout history. Both the males and the females have responsibilities and duties but these duties differ based on one’s gender. Gender has played a prodigious role in the economy, politics, and the society. Everyone starts making interpretations of the strengths and weaknesses based on one’s gender. These interpretations are not always based on his or her ability but is usually based on his or her gender. Males tend to be judged as extremely strong and unfashionable in terms of appearance. Whereas, females are judged as expensive and very fashionable. Males and females both differ in their abilities and their enjoyments. Fashion, entertainment, and strength are three topics, which are used to define masculinity and femininity in the 21st century.