Industrial Revolution Dbq

ccertain laws of exchange and production to be allowed to work freely in economic markets (Palmer et. al., 442).
Inventions like steam engine, telegraph, new road construction processes, steam locomotive were all the products of the Industrial Revolution. Britain dominated the industry for most part of the 19th century with its advantage of the early start in manufacturing, its world markets, and its powerful navy. Its industrial power was starting to be challenged by Germany and US close to the end of the 19th century.
Combined forces of both Revolutions, French and Industrial after the 1815 led the way to increase of the new movements and principles, most of which later contributed to a general European Revolution on 1848 (Palmer et. al.,

443). But before the 1848 there were a series of revolutions in Europe between 1830 and 1832 against liberal governments and conservative monarchs. Congress system never succeeded in overcoming different interests of the Great Powers and started to fail during the late 1820’s. Greek nationalists were turning more and more towards the idea of independence from Turkey. Russian Tsar Nicholas I was more supportive of that idea than Alexander and with that movements wanted to increase Russian dominance in that region. Meanwhile France and Britain were not about to let Russia influence the Balkans. As a result Anglo-French Russian navy destroyed the Turkish fleet in 1827. Greece gained its independence in 1829. Some Balkan states were recognized independent as well, and Egypt was able to break out from the Ottoman rule and arise as a sovereign region. European stability was beginning to crumble and soon got even worse. First the wall of reaction collapsed in France. King Charles X, who was in power since 1824, angered half of the population with his reactionary policies. French people were used to the republican and liberal reforms, but Charles X wanted to bring back the Old Regime and allowed more power to the Catholic clergy and elite, which caused strong opposition in the French Chamber of Deputies and newspapers. When the king dissolved the Chamber, he called for new elections, but they in turn dismissed king’s policies. Charles X replied with four ordinances issued on his own authority (Palmer et. al., 469). Under “July Ordinances” the king dissolved the Chamber, put censorship on the press, took away voting rights from the bourgeoisie, and called for a new election. King’s Four Ordinances resulted in July Revolution on the very next day. It was the republicans, who were angered by the Charles actions, and together with the bourgeoisie and lower classes took their resentment on the streets. Barricades were set up on the streets of Paris to resist the army and police forces. Charles swiftly abdicated and went to England. The constitution monarchy was installed with the Duke of Orleans on the throne.
July Revolution rushed through entire Europe, offsetting similar revolts in Poland and Belgium. Revolution in Belgium was actually successful as the country was able to gain its independence from the Dutch and in 1831 it was recognized as a separate country. Seeing the successes of France and Belgium, Polish nationalists decided to rebel, but were fiercely suppressed by Russians as they had no support from the West. As Polish revolution was crushed the country was integrated into the Russian Empire.
After the Paris revolution radical leaders in Great Britain were under impression that threats of violence would become useful, while English middle classes decided that they could freely embarrass their government without a major disturbance. Britain’s Tory Regime already started to express sensitivity to the country’s middles classes and in attempts to satisfy them, Laissez Faire laws were passed and some tariffs were reduced. But problems still existed, and the most critical were the Corn Laws and House of Commons that could not be reformed (Palmer et. al., 473). In 1830 over twenty bills were introduced to reform the House of Commons, but they all were denied by Duke of Wellmington. Eventually his actions a rioting and Parliament agreed that they had to pass a reform bill, which they did in 1832. Instead of implementing the new ideas of the French Revolution, the reform bill adapted the old medieval, British system by sustaining a property requirement, annulling smaller boroughs and permitting their seat to industrial cities. Additional reforms were passed following the Reform Bill of 1832. In 1833 Factory Act was passed that was limiting child labor, also slavery was abolished in the country the same year. Poor Law was adopted in 1834 and Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 modernized the local English city government. Ten Hours Act that was passed in 1847 was a great triumph of British working classes as the work day for women and children was limited to ten hours (Palmer et. al., 475). Surprisingly as many changes have occurred, no revolt happened in Great Britain. For the most part the changes happened peacefully mainly due to the transformation that English society went through during the Industrial Revolution. Although the July Revolution most definitely incited the political process.
Triggered by the July Revolution in Paris, 1830 turned into a year of revolutions, most of which brought very little change. Even though the revolt in Paris dethroned the king, another king came to power. Bourgeoisie were able to maintain their rights, but the republicans, for the most part working class, wanted more.
1848 was a turbulent year for the entire Europe.

Never before has the Continent experienced such an upheaval striving for political involvement and self- determination. According to Hobsbawn, the world of 1840’s was out of balance with forces of technical, economic , and social changes that were announced in the last fifty years were extraordinary, and even fascinating to some (311). But from another side, the resulted consequences were still ordinary. Hobsbawn also states that it was imminent that the injection of political consciousness and permanent political activity among the masses would sooner or later mean that these same masses would be allowed to play a formal part in politics (303). And keeping in mind the increasing speed of social changes in 1830’s, as well as renewal of the revolutionary movement in the world, it was unavoidable, without a doubt, that changes could not be delayed any longer. In 1848 the revolts broke out automatically from Paris to Budapest and from Copenhagen to Palermo. Europeans were mainly looking for the same things; the independence and unity of national associations, constitutional government, end of slavery, and manorial limitations at the places that they still

existed.
Politics in the French July Monarchy became more detached from the changing social classes. Political and social issues were rarely discussed in the Chamber of Deputy, bourgeoisie class had no representation, corruption and graft became common. Political differences, food shortages, economic depression, and inflation, all of that misery and growing fear of it triggered the turmoil of the 1848. Radicals requested a republic and universal male rights, while liberals wanted to expand their voting right in the constitutional monarchy. French King Louis Philippe along with his prime minister, Guizot, opposed any changes. On February 22 of 1848 reformers consisting of doctors, lawyers, bourgeoisie, journalists were planning a banquet in Paris against the king’s will and the government, that banned such campaigns a day before (Palmer et. al., 484). Barricades were built, paving blocks, stones and furniture were thrown on the streets and intersections preparing to resist police and military forces. While publishers, lawyers, doctors were undoubtedly important protagonists during the 1848 upheavals they would not have been able to effect the revolution on their own as it was the lower classes who provided the “muscle” (Berger & Spoerer). Percy B. St.John was an eyewitness of the 1848 events and the following comes from his notes, “Tuesday, February 22. About twelve, passing by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I noticed, a heavy detachment of dragoons… A powerful mob, with sticks and iron bars, strove to burst open the gate and inflict summary vengeance on Guizot. The windows were broken with stones. Loud cries of “Vive la Refome!” Were followed by “a bas Guizot!” (www.legacy.fordham.edu). Parisian society revolted against the oppression and hardship and an enormous riot broke out. Two days later King Louis Philippe abdicated and ran to England. Now the king was dethroned and the Second Republic was proclaimed. But all of it did not end the bloodshed. The revolutionaries could not come to a mutual agreement on how to run the country. Some established a national workshops to provide jobs for the French working class, while others thought that voting right were most important. National Workshops were shut down once those who preferred voting rights came to power. People rioted again since they were not happy to lose their jobs and blood was shed on the streets once again. This turmoil resulted in the election of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the nephew of the great Napoleon and France found itself under control of a dictator.
Announcing of the Second Republic set off yet another wave of demonstrations all over Europe, which were also led by workers requesting for constitutional reforms and changes in governments.

In March 1848 protests broke out in Germany. Radical liberals were requesting to unite the German states. Frederick William IV of Prussia gave in to the demands and created the Prussian Assembly. The fall of dictatorship in Prussia motivated liberals of all German provinces to unite together during the Frankfurt Assembly to form a constitution and to bind the German nation together. The Frankfurt Assembly convened on May 1848, consisting mostly of professional people who feared the working classes just as much as they feared the political powers of kings and Prussian aristocrats (Palmer et. al., 501). Even though some progress was made by the Assembly, absence of a strong leader was on the way of making their hopes a reality. The constitution was completed in 1849 with Australia being excluded from the German Empire and the crown was offered to Frederick William

IV.
The situation was very much alike in Austria in 1848, as people of middle class, workers, students and liberals demanded freedom from Australian Empire of the Habsburghs. At first revolutionaries saw their prospects quiet promising, while nationalists under the leadership of Louis Kossuth, formed a national autonomy campaign in Hungary, during which groups of middle class workers and students took over the streets of Vienna and Czechs rebelled in Prague demanding self government. In Austria people came very close to getting the freedom, but strong Australian army was able to regain the control over the revolutionaries. The rebellions