Leather Industry:
Water plays an important part in the leather industry. It requires 30 to 40 ltrs of water for processing one kilogram of rawhide to finished leather. Traditionally, most of the tanneries have been located next to water bodies or rivers, as a source of water supply and discharge. The composition of effluent from the tanneries is complex mix of many toxic contaminants. Firstly, the wastewater from beam house process is highly alkaline and contains decomposing organic matter, hair, lime, sulphide and organic nitrogen with high levels of BOD and COD. Secondly, the wastewater from tanyard process contains chromium which is acidic and coloured.
In the conventional solutions deployed by the industry today, each contaminant of
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Drug manufacturing industries discharge significant quantities of organic compounds, solvents such as Methanol, Acetone, Toluene, Ethanol, Ethyl Acetate etc. and inorganic solids such as Sodium, chloride, sulphates, silica etc. Usually the concentration of COD in the waste water produced by the pharmaceutical industry is around 5000 – 15000 mg/L, the concentration of BOD5 is relatively low, and the ratio of BOD5/COD is lower than 30% which means the wastewater has a poor biodegradability. Such wastewater has a bad color and high (or low) pH value, and it needs a strong treatment method.
Water with high levels of pollutants caused by poor design, operation or treatment systems creates major environmental problems to surface water and land. The conventional municipal WWTPs, which are primarily used for pharmaceutical effluent treatment, are unable to completely remove all contaminants, especially micro-pollutants. In addition to the environmental hazards, it can also directly impact GMP compliance for the manufacture of medicinal products. Therefore, manufacturers need to know how to effectively treat pharmaceutical
...urkholder, J., Libra, B., Weyer, P., Heathcote, S., Kolpin, D., Thorne, P., et al. (2007). Impacts of waste from concentrated animal feeding operations on water quality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 11(2), 308–312. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1817674/pdf/ehp0115-000308.pdf
Waste management is an especially challenging issue of today’s society especially considering the heavy metals and biomedical waste produced within the profession (Muhameddagic, Muhamedagic and Masic, 2009). Dental practices also create large quantities of waste cotton, latex, plastic, glass as well as various other materials which all have the potential to be contaminated with body fluids (Sudhakar & Chandrashekar,
The Europeans arrived at the continent of North America and began to colonize. The Europeans arrival to the area that would become modern day Canada was a cataclysmic event. Their initial impact consisted of the fur trade and the destruction of resources as a result of the fur trade. Trading led to long term alcohol abuse among some Native tribes, increasing dependency on trade, and negative effects for the generations to follow. During Trade they also brought diseases which would eradicate entire tribes from the country. A dependency on the Europeans was developed from trading, forcing the Native American’s to allow missionaries to their settlements. After they tried religion, political and sociological ideas were implemented and carried out
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
Disinfection is applied in water as well as wastewater treatment as a finishing step so as to destroy pathogens but the cause of concern regarding the disinfection process is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Natural organic matter (NOM) in water has been considered as the predominant DBP precursors. Disinfectants are powerful oxidants that oxidize the organic matter present in water forming DBPs. Chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines are the most common disinfectants used nowadays and each produces its own suite of chemical DBPs in finished drinking water (Richardson, 2003). DBPs so formed pose a threat to human health because of their potential to cause cancer and reproductive/developmental effects. Most developed nations have regulated concentration of DBPs so as to minimize exposure to potentially harmful DBPs while maintaining adequate disinfection and control of targeted
Slaughterhouses produce high strength wastewater (EC, 2005), which contain high levels of biodegradable organic matter, as faecal, undigested food, blood, suspended material (Jian and Zhang, 1999). Slaughterhouse wastewater composition in terms of organic strength, inorganic elements, alkalinity, and pH is adequate for biological treatment (Massé and Masse, 2000). Design criteria for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plants are widely published (Travers & Lovett, 1984; Li et al, 2008).
There are several types of treatment methods present but biological treatment methods have gained much traction in the recent years due to their low operation costs, comparatively benign effects on the environment and their ease of handling and maintenance. Biological wastewater treatment methods can be subcategorized into dispersed growth systems and attached growth systems. Biofilms fall under the latter category (Sehar & Naz, 2016)
The Shoe Industry consists of a multitude of footwear categories, varying in utility, style and occasion. When overseeing the market for the shoe industry, we must look at the influence of all shoe trades universally to comprehensively understand how the disparities in sales relate to the needs of specific regions. The global retail market within the shoe industry currently represents $185 billion, driven primarily by Asian and Latin American economies and is expected to reach $211.5 billion by 2018. The growth rate globally was 6% between 2004 and 2008, contrasting to the 2% compound annual growth from 2008 to 2012. The United States holds over 24% of the overall industry size it projected over $48 billion in annual revenue in 2012. Domestically, the growth rate has been flat at 0.3%. On a unit volume basis, global footwear consumption for 2012 is approximately 11,421.3 million (in pairs), where the United States makes up roughly 2,741.1 million (in pairs). By 2018 the U.S. Census Bureau has forecasted a steady decline within demand domestically of 3% and an increase of 1% globally.
1999, 71, 181-215. Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series -. 1996, 649, 1-9. Richardson, S. Water Analysis: Emerging Containments and Current Issues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2003, 75, 2831-2857.
1. What is the difference between a. and a. From an economic perspective, is the shift to a free trade regime in the textile industry good for Bangladesh? The shift to a free trade regime in the textile industry was good for Bangladesh. Bangladesh prospered when other economies weren't doing so well. The textile industry greatly increased, causing it to become a major reason as to why the economy has continued to increase.
There are many pathways available by which pharmaceutical waste can find its way into our river, lakes, and groundwater. It has also become a growing concern because it harms the environment as a whole along with its various ecosystems. However, researchers have tried to find methods that can be implemented to eliminate this growing issue, and more tests have been done through the years to ensure a positive result in the water quality. Many scientists and researchers have been testing samples of water in rivers, surface water and wastewater plants all across the world to ensure that the pharmaceutical waste present in the water does not rise to a level at which it becomes extremely hazardous to the aquatic environment, agricultural livestock and ourselves.
...process adds from 10 to 15 percent to the price of the fabric, industries still save money because more products can be made in less time. Therefore increasing profits, as well as, reflecting the savings onto the consumers. Other advantages of ‘biostoning’ include, enzymes can be recycled, reduced strain on the industrial washing machines, shorter treatment times, and imperfections are significantly reduced, hence increasing productivity and efficiency. Consequently, this saves the environment by reducing water consumption and waste pollution. The elimination of pumice powder and dust creates a less intensive and safer working condition. However, one problem with biostoning was "back staining" this occurs when loosened dye particles redeposit onto the surface of the fabric, causing discoloration. Such setback can be immensely reduced by optimizing running conditions.
Textile industry plays a very important role in fulfilling human needs. The industry contributes to produce garments and apparels that human used in their everyday lives. Different types of textiles are used widely by humans in their activities. They used it to cover their bodies, cover their food or ripe plants from animals and weather, to coat their furnitures, and sometimes also used to assists them in sports.
Contamination of Water and Air. Urbanization enhances the proliferation of industries, automobiles, and agricultural practices. Most toxic air contaminants are produced as we endeavor to fuel our homes, automobiles, factories, energy production facilities, and might also be discovered in indoor cleansing mixtures, and construction supplies. Furthermore pollutants found in gasoline, dry cleaning services, and paint thinners and strippers; som...
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment processes and also the need to reduce the environmental factors make the use of tertiary wastewater treatment important.