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Chapter 9 history of psychology
Chapter 9 history of psychology
The evolution of psychology chapter 1
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Introduction to Experimental Psychology Experimental psychology can be defined as the implementation of laboratory techniques that are used to investigate subjects about mind and behavior, such as memory, critical thinking, learning, and many more. Experimental psychologist will tend to focus on just one experiment at a time. Some of these experimental psychologists spend their whole lives on just one complex experiment. These experiments include all branches of psychology from behavioral, cognitive, educational, clinical, and many more. Without experimental psychology, we might not even still have psychology as a science today. Experimental psychology has impacted the progression made in this field of science and has given us so much information and helped us with many aspects of psychology such as diagnosing, pharmacological treatments and cognitive-behavior treatments.
Experimental psychology was first introduced in 1879. A German physicist named Gustav Fechner wrote Elements of Psychophysics which brought forward the first experimental evidence. This was the very beginning of experimental psychology. It was Gustav Fechner and Ernst Weber who experimented with how sensation is transformed into perception. Experimental psychology came out of the debate of objective or subjective views, or in other words sensation or perception. There are other people who contributed to the rise of experimental psychology such as Johannes Muller,
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(2016). THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUMENT MAKERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: THE CASE OF ALFRED BINET AT THE SORBONNE LABORATORY. Journal Of The History Of The Behavioral Sciences, 52(3), 231-257. doi:10.1002/jhbs.21790
PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL. (2016). Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 1p. 1.
(1885), H. E. (2013, October). Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Retrieved November 07, 2017, from
Roediger III, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cogntion, 21, 803-814.
John B.Watson, R Rayner, (February, 1920), Journal of Experimental Psychology, Conditioned Emotional Reactions, Vol. lll, No. i.
Thorndike, E. L. The elements of psychology. New York: A. G. Seiler , 1905. Print
The scientific method is how psychologists gain knowledge about the mind and behavior. It is used by all scientists. The experimental method is the one way to engage the scientific method, and the only way to find a cause and effect in relationships. It is summarized in five steps, observing some phenomenon in the world, forming a hypothesis which is an educated prediction about relationships between two or more variables, examining the gathered information by using empirical research, determining what the results are and drawing them, and evaluating the results whether it will support the hypothesis or not. Researchers, at the end, submit their work for publication for all to see and read (King, 2016). There are three types of psychological research in the scientific method, descriptive research, correlation, and experimental research (King, 2016). The article The Effects of Negative Body Talk in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of College Students (Katrevich, Register, & Aruguete, 2014) is an example of the experimental method.
Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control process.
The development of psychology like all other sciences started with great minds debating unknown topics and searching for unknown answers. Early philosophers and psychologists such as Sir Francis Bacon and Charles Darwin took a scientific approach to psychology by introducing the ideas of measurement and biology into the way an indi...
...pporting details. At the conclusion of the article, the authors share their thoughts on how it might be virtually impossible to determine when a memory is true or false. I also like their willingness to continue the investigations despite how difficult it might be to obtain concrete answers.
century. In G. A. Kimble & K. Schlesinger (Eds.), Topics in the history of psychology (Vol. 2,
Although, there was no field called cognitive psychology during the 19th century, Donders and Ebbinghaus were referred to as cognitive psychologists because both of their experiments dealt with the studying of the mind. Donder’s experiment focuses on a person’s Reaction-time in order
Nairne, J. S., & Pandeirada, J. S. (2008). Adaptive memory: Remembering with a stone-age brain. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 239–243.
Memory has been and always will be associated with images. As early as 1896, leading psychologists were arguing that memory was nothing more than a continuous exchange of images. (Bergson) Later models of memory describe it as more of an image text; a combination of space and time, and image and word. (Yates) Although image certainly is not the only component of memory, it is undoubtedly an integral and essential part of memory’s composition.
Psychology is the investigation of the mind and how it processes and directs our thoughts, actions and conceptions. However, in 1879 Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Nevertheless, the origins of psychology go all the way back thousands of years starting with the early Greeks. This foundation is closely connected to biology and philosophy; and especially the subfields of physiology which is the study of the roles of living things and epistemology, which is the study of comprehension and how we understand what we have learned. The connection to physiology and epistemology is often viewed as psychology, which is the hybrid offspring of those two fields of investigation.
Weiner, I. Healy, A. Freedheim, D. Proctor,R.W., Schinka,J.A. (2003) Handbook of Psychology: Experimental psychology,18, pp 500
For this research requirement I chose three different experiments to examine thoroughly. The first of these experiments came from the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. The study done in this journal was an examination of orthographic learning and self-teaching in a bilingual and biliterate context. The aim of the study was to figure out the advantages and/or disadvantages of a student learning a native language when they are either monolingual, bilingual, or biliterate, and the study was focused on learning English because this is the most commonly learned non-native language in the world.
Psychology started, and had a long history, as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. It then became an independent field of its own through the work of the German Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology and structuralism. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. In 1875, a room was set-aside for Wundt for demonstrations in what we now call sensation and perception. This is the same year that William James set up a similar lab at Harvard. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are usually thought of as the fathers of psychology, as well as the founders of psychology?s first two great ?schools? Structuralism and Functionalism. Psychologist Edward B Titchner said; ?to study the brain and the unconscious we should break it into its structural elements, after that we can construct it into a whole and understand what it does.? (psicafe.com)