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Life events in adolescence
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychological development
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychological development
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Adolescents experience multiple transitions during this period of growth and development. “According to Erikson’s (1963, 1968) theory of development, adolescence is characterized by individuation, separation, and the search for one’s identity” (Muselman & Wiggins, 2012, pg 230). Most scholars divide adolescence into three stages: early, middle and late adolescents (Muselman & Wiggins, 2012, pg. 230). During these three stages, adolescents begin to think differently and deal with changing relationships, values and behaviors (Muselman & Wiggins, 2012, pg. 230). It is important to understand how adolescents develop in order to understand how an adolescent might deal with grief.
There are many theories that examine the adolescent’s attempts to deal with grief; one such theory was developed by Moos.
According to Moos (1986), grieving adolescents must complete five sets of adaptive tasks: (a) establish the meaning and understand the personal significance of the event, (b) confront
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According to Bugge, Haugstvedt, Rokholt, Darbyshire and Helseth (2012), “Adolescents describe bereavement as tiring and themselves being ‘tired out’, physically, emotionally and cognitively, having much less energy than usual” (pg 2163). This study conducted analyzed the physical experiences adolescents typically have with grief and concluded that many students found it easier to discuss physical symptoms in counseling, versus emotional reactions (Bugge et al., 2012, pg. 2164). According to Sandra A. Lopez (2011), “It is important to understand adolescents as being uniquely different from others based on their community affiliations, which may be social, cultural, religious, and/or economical” (pg 10). All of the previously mentioned symptoms of grief and examples of why grief works differently in adolescents clearly define the need for counseling. Group counseling in the school setting would be beneficial to these
Upon receiving the news that a loved one had died, those left to mourn, called survivors, often find themselves entangled in a complex web of emotions and reactions. The death of a loved one can be a frightening, overwhelming, and painful experience and the physical, psychological, and social effects of loss are articulated through the practice of grief. Grief has been known to be experienced in five stages called the Five Stages of Grief where each phase of the grieving process will go from initial denial to the slow healing of acceptance. However, the devastating aftermath of a loss of a loved one, coupled with the suffering experienced through the five stages of grief can cause the survivor to commit suicide themselves.
Grief is a multi-faceted response to loss. Although primarily focused on the emotional reaction to loss, it also carries a physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, and philosophical connotation. Doctor Elisabeth Kübler-Ross introduced the idea of the stages of grief in her 1969 book, On Death and Dying. Although it has received much criticism since then, the Kübler-Ross model remains to be the most widely accepted model of grief today. However, as most psychological research conducted in the 20th century was based on people living in the North America and Western Europe, the Kübler-Ross model could be culturally biased.
We are introduced to adolescence in the 5th stage of development. Adolescence begins for boys around the age of 14 and continues up until the age of 21 years of age. At this stage of development, there are many changes that occur emotionally, physically, sexually and spiritually (McGoldrick, Carter, & Garcia Preto, 2011). At this time, adolescent kids are going through changes in their body. They are dealing with coming into their own sexuality. Skills pertaining to social skills and social relationships are being developed through experience. Adolescents are also increasing their skills of physical and mental coordination, such as learning about the world and working on their own coordination. Adolescence is also characterized by learning their own identity and where they fit in the world, as well as learning their relationship with peers and those around them. Spiritual identity is also developed along with a deeper understanding of life. Independence is something that is also weighing on the mind of an adolescent. Overall changes in the family structure can also occur when a child of this age reaches this
Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory is comprised of eight developmental stages ranging throughout the lifespan from infancy to adulthood (Boyd, 2015). However, Erikson puts significant emphasis on the adolescent stage, feeling it is a crucial period for developing an individual’s identity (McLeod, 2013). Erikson maintains that the task of adolescence is to resolve this identity crisis (Rageliene, 2016). Erikson’s theory is hierarchical, meaning that later stages are based on the outcomes of earlier stages, therefor it is rather complex (Markstrom, 1998). During each of these stages, an
Individually, everyone has their own methods of dealing with situations and emotions regardless of any positive or negative connotation affixed to them. One prime example of this comes with grief. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross in her 1969 book “On Death and Dying” suggests that there are five stages of mourning and grief that are universal and, at one point or another, experienced by people from all walks of life. These stages, in no particular order, are as follows: Denial and Isolation, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and finally Acceptance. Each individual person works through these stages in different orders for varying levels of time and intensity, but most if not all are necessary to “move on.” In order for positive change to occur following a loss, one must come to terms with not only the event but also themselves.
This article investigates the need for expanded grief interventions in the ID population. The authors look at a growing interest in the signs of grief that cause long term problems while acknowledging that too little is known about the grieving
This period is marked by physical, social, moral and emotional development (Davies, Hartdegen, Haxell, Le Geyt & Mercier, 2012). It is a time when the adolescent’s sense of self or identity is becoming much more clear and they are beginning to understand their role in society, starting to question the morals of others and contemplating their own moral and ethical beliefs (Davies et al., 2012). During this time Erik Erikson believed that adolescents are faced with the psychosocial stage of identity versus role confusion (Berk, 2008). Adolescents explore their values and role in society, overcoming this conflict to better understand their own identity, however if they do not fully overcome this conflict, Erikson believed that the adolescent would be confused about their values and future adult roles (Berk, 2008). This conflict was clearly demonstrated in my own development during the late teenage years when I experienced both the results of failing to overcome and then overcoming Erikson’s fifth psychosocial stage. At age eighteen I finished secondary school and began my tertiary studies, I had been accepted into the degree I had wanted to study since middle childhood, however I quickly learnt that I was enjoying neither my studies nor my experience of life in halls of residence. I discontinued my studies after only
Back in November I wrote about how the field is shifting it’s thinking on complicated grief and some of the controversy surrounding the changes to grief as an exclusionary criteria for depression. I still agree that the change was a step in the right direction and with that in mind, we’re going to look at how CBT can be useful in addressing avoidance behaviors within the context of complicated grief.
The grief of adolescents and that of adults is different in the sense that older people have the power to reach for the help they may need in the form of counseling, support groups or church. On the contrary, teenagers do not have the capacity to seek sympathy, understanding, and comfort
Bereavement is facing the loss of a loved one. Death can be of natural or medical cause. The loss of a dear one causes a lot of grief; grieving is more psychological as it involves different types of feelings (Madison). Grieving over someone cannot be limited to a time frame; it differs for each person as reactions to grief varies considerably. The process of grief consists of several facets namely: emotional, physical, cognitive and behavioral (Barbato & Irwin, 1992; Worden, 1991; Worden, 2009).
As noted, the grieving process is exclusive to each individual; the process in adolescents and children is relatively different. (Everly & Lating, 2013, p. 392-393). How do we as Christian human service professionals assist
Dealing with a grieving adolescent is hard, but as with most human beings, the loss is
Imagine growing up without a father. Imagine a little girl who can’t run to him for protection when things go wrong, no one to comfort her when a boy breaks her heart, or to be there for every monumental occasion in her life. Experiencing the death of a parent will leave a hole in the child’s heart that can never be filled. I lost my father at the young of five, and every moment since then has impacted me deeply. A child has to grasp the few and precious recollections that they have experienced with the parent, and never forget them, because that’s all they will ever have. Families will never be as whole, nor will they forget the anguish that has been inflicted upon them. Therefore, the sudden death of a parent has lasting effects on those
As counselor must be mindful of the delicate process of coping and healing after experiencing tragedy. Clients will express their grief in multitudes of ways, and it is presumptuous to assume one can know the proper way to feel and act after suffering a hardship. One such myth is that the loss is a topic that should not be discussed (Parachin, 1999). On the contrary, withholding poignant emotions increases the level of distress. By allowing grief to be a topic of conversation, one is allowing the griever to feel like his or her feelings are being both validated and attended
Losing a child is one of the most traumatic events a person can ever experience. This life changing experience is very difficult for parents to cope with. Grief is something we all experience as human beings; we will all lose someone that we love in our lifetime. We all go through the five stages of grief denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and last being acceptance (Bolden, 2007). However, this is arguably not the case for parents who experience the death of a child. Although, parents who have experienced...