knowledge of the system could manipulate the system in a way to avoid the second law of thermodynamics. This has also been supported by other experiments, such as the Szilard engine experiment (Parrondo). Furthermore, in class we have learned information on entropy that can help to understand this situation. For example, the entropy of a system where it always increases is known as the coarse entropy is when the system is not well understood, and if all the variables are known, the entropy would be zero. This is because the entropy changes depending on how much information is known about the system, with a lower entropy the more of the information is known. Some of the information that could be known include temperature and pressure, or the position of all the molecules and their velocities and accelerations; the second set of information is a lot more detailed than the first, so there are fewer possibilities that could fulfill the requirements (woods).
The most important concept for this idea is how the change in the flow of entropy would change human perception in any way. For this part of the paper I am going to start with explaining entropy and the universe, a human 's psychological abilities at telling time, and try to view how the human perception could be affected by the flip of the flow of entropy.
Additionally, section 22.4 of the physics text “Physical Origin of Time Asymmetry” starts the chapter by describing the arrow of time as the difference between the low-entropy beginning and the high-entropy finish. It then continues to say that a system without a set boundary condition can be just as likely to go to a state of lower entropy as it can be to grow in entropy. The text then describes an experiment called the Ehren...
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...s in the returning stage of a cyclic universe, an outlook I was not able to find, but was informed about by Professor Halley is that the human mind could possible view the future and past in very different and possibly strange ways compared to the current human outlook. This would entirely change the timeline that we currently use. This could add some more questions the minds of humanity, such as how would this affect a human’s life, or even if humanity could survive if the entropy direction switched. If everything disintegrated like the article “turnaround in Cyclic Cosmology” claimed, which would definitely destroy humanity. Conclusively, with the information that I found, it appears that the likelihood of a cyclic universe with the survival of an intelligent life-form to be very unlikely, and the effects on a human could cause the perception of time to flip around.
Time is a difficult topic to handle in metaphysics; many problems arise. If you support A-series, which involves change, you are left to wonder the rate at which time passes. I cannot put my support behind static time; time appears to pass and in passing change occurs. The only aspect of time that appears to stay frozen are events in the past. However, events have to change from future to present and then to past before they can become static in the past. Even though there are clear objections to theories about time, I cannot support McTaggart’s bold claim that time is unreal. I can only look at time from my perspective. Ultimately there is so much change that occurs in me and around me as time passes that I cannot view time to be unreal and I am left to disregard McTaggart’s argument.
Sense data are the empirical mind-dependent ingredients of perception. They are the colours, sounds, smells, tastes, and textures out of which all experience is built. The idea of sense data is the cornerstone of the theory of Representative Realism, which states that immediate objects of awareness are not physical objects, but are sense data. Sense data are the subjective mind-dependent intermediaries that give us all of our knowledge of the external world through a veil of perception, representing the real world. The theory of Representative Realism is similar to Direct Realism, in that there is an objective mind independent physical world; however, we only ever perceive it vie a subjective mind-dependent intermediary (called sense data).
Leibniz (1686), for example, argued that only physical events could cause physical events and only mental events could cause mental events. Fortunately, he thought, God has arranged physical events and mental events into a pre-established harmony so that given sequences of mental and physical events unfailingly accompany each other ("parallelism"). Co...
The first law of thermodynamics simply states that heat is a form of energy and heat energy cannot be created nor destroyed. In this lab we were measuring the change in temperature and how it affected the enthalpy of the reaction.
In David Lewis’ article “An Argument for Identity Theory” Lewis defends the psychoneural identity theory, arguing that mental states or experiences are neural states. In his main argument, he argues that physics can explain the causal relationship between mental states or experiences and physical phenomena. He uses an analogy of a cylindrical combination lock to explain the causal role that mental states play in producing physical phenomena. In order to put the lock into a state of being “unlocked”
In this essay we will consider a much more recent approach to time that came to the fore in the twentieth century. In 1908 James McTaggart published an article in Mind entitled 'The Unreality of Time', in which, as the title implies, he argued that there is in reality no such thing as time. Now although this claim was in itself startling, probably what was even more significant than McTaggart's arguments was his way of stating them. It was in this paper that McTaggart first drew his now standard distinction between two ways of saying when things happen. In this essay we shall outline these ways of describing events and then discuss the merits and demerits of each, and examine what has become known as the 'tensed versus tenseless' debate on temporal becoming.
Lucretius. On the Nature of the Universe. Tr. R. E. Latham. Introduction by John Godwin. Penguin Books, London: 1994.
However, this cannot be extrapolated indefinitely. The universe’s expansion helps us to appreciate the direction in which time flows. This is referred to as the Cosmological arrow of time, and implies that the future is -- by definition -- the direction towards which the universe increases in size. The expansion of the universe also gives rise to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the overall entropy (or disorder) in the Universe can only increase with time because the amount of energy available for work deteriorates with time. If the universe was eternal, therefore, the amount of usable energy available for work would have already been exhausted. Hence it follows that at one point the entropy value was at absolute 0 (most ordered state at the moment of creation) and the entropy has been increasing ever since -- that is, the universe at one point was fully “wound up” and has been winding down ever since. This has profound theological implications, for it shows that time itself is necessarily finite. If the universe were eternal, the thermal energy in the universe would have been evenly distributed throughout the cosmos, leaving each region of the cosmos at uniform temperature (at very close to absolute 0), rendering no further work
Howard, T , Rifkin, J. Entropy: A New world View. 1980. New York: Bantam Books. Print.
Our world is filled with complex systems which defy reductionist understanding. Systems ranging from the self-organization of life and emergent intelligence to the chaos of fluid dynamics and dripping faucets. Just as surely as these systems exhibit a synergistic process of generating information they share some analogous processes on their most basic levels.
Quoidbach, J., Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2013). The end of history illusion. Science, 339(6115), 96–98.
In the book, Stephen Hawking talks about time specifically in Einstein’s theory of relativity. Einstein predicted that time will go by sl...
The first concept to be addressed is determinism. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, determinism is “the idea that every event is necessitated by antecedent events and conditions together with the laws of nature.” Essentially, it is the philosophy that all events are determined by a fixed set of causes, so that the future is as rigid as the past. Some religious forms of determinism assert that events are decided by the will of a deity. For our purposes, however, we will consider the scientific form of determinism that is based on basic causality. Consider, for example, throwing a die. We might see this as a way to determine a random result (between 1 and 6). But, thrown from a certain height and with a certain velocity, the die will land on a certain edge or corner and roll a certain number of times before it slows down and stops. Because the die is bound by the laws of physics, the outcome of the roll is determined as we roll it, although we may be unable to calculate all the factors involved and predict the outcome.
This slide describes how H.G. Wells’ novel The Time Machine became the most prominent story about time travel. I think this is important because as the most vital time travel story, it created many of the time travel elements we know today. The questions of what will happen if we meet ourselves in the past and the “butterfly effect” could only be answered through the use of a fiction story. However, these questions may become a reality someday and it is best to think about them before the advent of time travel brings about the end of the world as we know
Thermodynamics is the branch of science concerned with the nature of heat and its conversion to any form of energy. In thermodynamics, both the thermodynamic system and its environment are considered. A thermodynamic system, in general, is defined by its volume, pressure, temperature, and chemical make-up. In general, the environment will contain heat sources with unlimited heat capacity allowing it to give and receive heat without changing its temperature. Whenever the conditions change, the thermodynamic system will respond by changing its state; the temperature, volume, pressure, or chemical make-up will adjust accordingly in order to reach its original state of equilibrium. There are three laws of thermodynamics in which the changing system can follow in order to return to equilibrium.