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Social change of the russian revolution
Social change of the russian revolution
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By observing the Russian colossus; European nations were anxious. Russia was the largest and most populated European nations in 1815. Soldier, explores and traders expanded Russia beyond Siberia. Russia had a rigid social structure, nobles dominated the Russian society and rejected any kind of changes. The domination of noble made the middle class weaker. Most of the people were peasants or serfs. But I knew, in Russia, their system of government was wrong and things had to change. Serfs or peasants shouldn’t need to look elsewhere to making living after emancipation. Alexander II created zemstvos; responsible for road repairs schools and agriculture also introduced great legal reforms, but his ideas didn’t made him popular or influenced anyone. …show more content…
Alexander III discouraged Russian society, instead of creating peace; he feared people. I believe, he shouldn’t have feared any one, and instead loved them. On the other hand, peaceful marchers for petition and justice should not have happened; because it wasn’t peaceful and instead called bloody Sunday whereas, killing people is not peaceful and things can’t sort out that way. After bloody Sunday, Russian society became more unsatisfied; terrorist started to attack the officials, peasants demanded land and revolted. However, in my opinion; public view should be given priority (democracy), decisions should not be taken by one person. Public should pick their leader on whom they can trust. No big decisions about the country shall be done privately. “open covenants of peace openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understanding of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view”. Their shouldn’t be any secret agreement; every treaty should be a part of the public law of the world. Moreover, I certainly agree with Karl Marx ideas; equal rights of all classes should be declared. Dictator or absolute monarch should not have all control over community and their choices. I also agree with Lein for considering imperialism for developing capitalism. Trade shouldn’t be traded by the state, private
Through these decrees we see how Russian social class is very stratified and there are more high official roles but more people in poverty. Russia still had to serfs until 1861. Also the state of the Russian economy was probably very limited to do the fact that there was no manufacturing company to provide for the empire. The Russian economy was very isolated and they go to areas where they can trade. With Russia’s subsistence economy, they were not able to specialize in other areas.
However, the political system also changed because there was an addition to the local villages. This was the zemstva and to a more national degree, the duma. However, the tsar still had supreme power over these structures. Despite Alexander II’s reforms, Russia still faced a number of problems. Alexander II’s
In 1918, while the rest of Europe was still engaged in World War I, a newly formed communist government was developing in Russia. Much like 18th century Americans, they had just managed to overthrow what was viewed as a tyrannical government and hoped to form a new nation free of the injustices of the previous rule. Both countries wrote a new constitution as well as a declaration of rights to facilitate this, but their respective documents had vast differences. These disparities stemmed from differences in the ideologies of the new governments. The primary objectives of the Russian Declaration of Rights of the Working and Exploited People and the later constitution were the “abolition of all exploitation of man by man, complete elimination of the division of society into classes, merciless suppression of the exploiters, socialist organization of society, and victory of socialism in all countries.” Americans wanted equality of opportunity and personal freedom instead of the social equality desired by the Russians. The American constitution and Bill of Rights were created to protect personal liberties and individual freedom while the Russians were more concerned with the welfare and equality of the population as a whole. This difference is partially due to the differences in the conditions leading to revolution in each country. The American Revolution was initiated by the wealthy in response to what they considered unfair treatment by a foreign ruler while the Russian revolution was instigated by the poor in reaction to centuries of oppression and exploitation by the wealthy within their own country.
Russia, industrialized as a result of many peasant revolts. The revolts led to the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, they received land but the political chains were still in place. Many reforms were still needed. The military became based on merit, education was increased, transportation became more efficient with the introduction or railroads, and law codes were improved with local councils put in place called zemstvoes. These reforms and the great size and natural resources of Russia allowed it to build factories. Yet, the change experienced by the West had not, yet, occurred.
While most of Europe had develop strong central governments and weakened the power of the nobles, Russia had lagged behind the times and still had serfs as late as 1861. The economic development that followed the emancipation of peasants in the rest of Europe created strong industrial and tax bases in those nations. Russian monarchs had attempted some level of reforms to address this inequality for almost a century before, and were indeed on their way to “economic maturity” (32) on par with the rest of Europe. But they overextended themselves and the crushing defeats of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and the First World War in 1917 lost them the necessary support from their subjects and created “high prices and scarcity” which were by far “the most obvious factors in the general tension”
The main challenge Alexander II faced in his projects towards modernization of Russia was a compromise between advancing his state thorough improving the lives of his subjects, without falling prey to the demand for further reforms he would be unable to satisfy. Westwood, revisiting Russian History in 1981 phrased the problem as follows: “how to advance the education of the state by educating the people, without educating the people to questions the state? ”.
The Russian revolution of February 1917 was a momentous event in the course of Russian history. The causes of the revolution were very critical and even today historians debate on what was the primary cause of the revolution. The revolution began in Petrograd as “a workers’ revolt” in response to bread shortages. It removed Russia from the war and brought about the transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, replacing Russia’s monarchy with the world’s first Communist state. The revolution opened the door for Russia to fully enter the industrial age. Before 1917, Russia was a mostly agrarian nation. The Russian working class had been for many years fed up with the ways they had to live and work and it was only a matter of time before they had to take a stand. Peasants worked many hours for low wages and no land, which caused many families to lose their lives. Some would argue that World War I led to the intense downfall of Russia, while others believe that the main cause was the peasant unrest because of harsh living conditions. Although World War I cost Russia many resources and much land, the primary cause of the Russian Revolution was the peasant unrest due to living conditions because even before the war began in Russia there were outbreaks from peasants due to the lack of food and land that were only going to get worse with time.
Rule of Lenin vs the Tsar The beginning of the 20th century saw a great change in the political structure of the Russia. A country once led under an autocracy leadership. was suddenly changed into a communist state overnight. Dictatorship and communism are at separate ends of the political spectrum. This study so clearly shows both involve the oppression of society and a strict regime in which people are unable to voice their opinions.
The resignation of Nicholas II March 1917, in union with the organization of a temporary government in Russia built on western values of constitutional moderation, and the capture of control by the Bolsheviks in October is the political crucial opinions of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The actions of that historic year must also be viewed more broadly, however: as aburst of social strains associated with quick development; as a disaster of political modernization, in relations of the tensions sited on old-fashioned traditions by the burdens of Westernization; and as a social disruption in the widest sense, concerning a massive, unprompted expropriation of upper class land by fuming peasants, the devastation of outmoded social patterns and morals, and the scuffle for a new, democratic society.
Yet the failure of the reforms led to revolutionary plots陰謀 and he was even assassinated被暗殺 in 1881. From the lessons教訓 of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War, Alexander II concluded that the root of many Russian problems was the outdated serfdom農奴制度. Both Czars Alexander I 阿æ·å±±å¤§ä¸€ä¸– (1801-25) and Nicholas Iå° ¼å¤æ‹‰ä¸€ä¸– (1825-55) had condemnedè´è²¬ this system. Owing to political crises (frequent peasant riotsæš´å‹•), humanitarianism人é“主義, liberalism, as well as needs of military, industrial and agricultural developments, the "Czar Liberator" issued the Emancipation Edict of Serfs 解放農奴詔令 in 1861.
I am Catherine the Great and I ruled Russia from 1762 - 1796. I find the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution horrible. I find the idea of citizens publicly beheading their leader wrong because I believe the monarch above the law. I am terrified about rebellion as seen in my put down of the Pugachev rebellion(Zwingle). My perfect society would have all men equal in the eyes of the law, except an autocrat who is above them and the law.
Russia had been defeated in all except the war with Turkey and its government and economy had the scars to prove it. A severe lack of food and poor living conditions amongst the peasant population led firstly to strikes and quickly escalated to violent riots. Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia with an iron hand while much of Europe was moving away from the monarchical system of rule. All lands were owned by the Tsar’s family and Nobel land lords, while the factories and industrial complexes were owned by the capitalists’. There were no unions or labour laws and the justice system had made almost all other laws in favour of the ruling elite.
The Conditions for Workers and Peasants Under the Bolsheviks and Under the Tsar's Rule Conditions for workers and peasants were deplorable under the rule of the Tsars, but not to the extent they were under the Bolsheviks. Despite the Bolsheviks claiming their policies were entirely in favour of the proletariat, peasants were forced to face horrific famine and a vast decline in living standards under rule by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. When Alexander II came to power in 1855 he realised that in order to modernise Russia and improve the weakening economy he needed to make dramatic reforms. In 1861 Alexander issued his Emancipation Manifesto, proposing 17 legislative acts that would free the serfs in Russia. Even though this new-found freedom in some ways seemed to place a greater burden on the peasants due to heavy redemption payments on their land and little improvement regarding agricultural methods in Russia, the act made the now-freed serfs feel that progress was being made towards a fairer social system in Russia and gave them some hope for more affirmative reforms in the future.
At the time, Russia was still in the midst of Civil War. Their economy was maimed and the people were disgruntled with their living standards. Without a show of power, counter-revolutionaries may rampage, causing consternation and antagonizing the situation. To avoid retardation of the rebuilding of Russia’s economy, it was inevitable that Lenin imposed authoritarian rule. Although he sacrificed the people’s liberty, it was in a way for the ‘collective good’ as it lead to increased productivity and efficiency, rejuvenating Russia’s economy.
“The social causes by the Russian revolution mainly became of centuries of domination over the lower classes by the Tsarist regime, and Nicholas’s failures in World War one.”5 As the rural agricultural peasants had been limitless from serfdom in the year 1861, the peasants still refused paying redemption payments to the state and demanded to be the private owner of the land that they worked. The only problem was further compounded by the never lasting failure of Sergei Witte’s land reforms during the early twentieth century. Peasant disturbances increased which sometimes ended up becoming revolts, with only the goal of securing the ownership of the land they worked. At that time Russia consisted mainly of poor farming peasants, which made up one and a half percent of the population owning twenty-five percent of the land.