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Importance of science in every day life
Atomic structure and theory
Atomic structure and theory
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Until the nineteenth century the model of the atom resembled a ball, it was thought to look like a small sphere. But in 1897, J. J. Thomson changed the view of the atom with his discovery of the electron. Thomson's work suggested that the atom was not an indivisible particle, like John Dalton said it is like a jigsaw puzzle made of smaller pieces.
For years scientists had known that if an electric current was passed through a vacuum tube, a stream of glowing material could be seen, however no one could explain why. Thomson found that the mysterious glowing stream would bend toward a positively charged electric plate. Thomson had the idea, and was later proven correct that the stream was in fact made up of small particles, pieces of atoms
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In 1908, Ernest Rutherford, a former student of Thomson's, proved Thomson's raisin bread structure incorrect. Rutherford’s most important discovery was he postulated the nuclear structure of the atom. Ernest said that a atom is made up mostly of gas and it has a nucleus inside of the atom. A big part of science now is atomic structure. An atom is made up of three parts, protons, electrons, and neutrons. Atoms are the basis for everything in the universe. The importance of the atomic theory is so that all scientist use the same basis to find things out. One of the most remarkable features of atomic theory is that to this day after hundreds of years of research not a single person has discovered a single atom. Some of the best microscopes have been able to see groups of atoms, but no actual picture of a single atom yet exists. The atomic theory can be used to explain many of the ideas in chemistry in which ordinary people are interested. Niels Bohr proposed an improvement, he found out that electrons move in a definite orbit around the Nucleus like the planet. These energy levels are located certain distances from the Nucleus. According to today's atomic theory, electrons don’t orbit in neat planet like orbits, but move at high speeds in an electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons spin around the nucleus billion times in one second, they do not randomly move though, it depends on how much energy the atom
These three sources "Energy Story", "Conducting Solutions", and a video clip "Hands-On Science" share explanations, demonstrations, and descriptions on science experiments to accomplish its purpose. In "Energy Story," it explains the use of electricity people use in their homes, and what makes it. In the video "Hands-On Science" by AnnMarie Thomas, it shows how to make homemade playdough and compare it to store brand playdough. In "Conducting Solutions" by Rodney Schreiner, it shows how certain ions have positive and negative charges. These three sources based on science show us different experiment and how to accomplish them.
Nagaoka rejected Thomson's model on the ground that opposite charges are impenetrable. He proposed an alternative model in which a positively charged center...
Auroras have been emitting in our, and other planets’ skies as long as the Solar System has been in motion. In 1619 A.D., Galileo Galilei coined the term "aurora borealis" after Aurora, the Roman goddess of morning. He had the misconception that the auroras he saw were due to sunlight reflecting from the atmosphere. (Angelopoulos, 2008). In 1741, Hiorter and Celsius noted that the polar aurora is accompanied by a disturbance of the magnetic needle. In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted discovered electromagnetism. André-Marie Ampére deduced that magnetism is basically the force between electric currents. In 1851, Samuel Schwabe, a German amateur astronomer, announced the discovery of the 11-year sunspot cycle, and in 1859, Richard Carrington in England observed a violent and rapid eruption near a sunspot; 17 hours later a large magnetic storm began. In 1900-3, Kristian Birkeland experiments with beams of electrons aimed at a magnetized sphere ("terrella") in a vacuum chamber. The electrons hit near the magnetic poles, leading him to propose that the polar aurora is created by electron beams from the Sun. Birkeland also observes magnetic disturbances associated with the aurora, suggesting to him that localized "polar magnetic storms" exist in the auroral zone. In 1958, Eugene Parker (Chicago) proposes the theory of the solar wind. 1981, High resolution images are obtained by Lou Frank's group in Iowa of the entire auroral zone, using the Dynamics Explorer satellite. (Stern & Peredo, 2005) This is the major timeline of how auroras came to be discovered and understood.
Introduction: The object of this lab was to determine the measure of the ratio of an electron to its mass. This is done by accelerating a stream of electrons through a measured potential difference. The stream of electrons moves through a uniform magnetic field. It is perpendicular to the velocity of the electrons. The path of the electrons is circular because of this fact. The ratio of e/m can be found by the relationships between the measured accelerating potential difference, the diameter of the circular path described by the electron, and the magnetic flux density.
Born on August 30th, 1871 in New Zealand, Ernest Rutherford accomplished to be one of many successful chemists throughout the world in the 19th and the 20th centuries. With his brilliant experiments he explained the puzzling problem of radioactivity and the sudden breakdown of atoms. In addition, he determined the structure of the atom and was first to ever split it. Rutherford's great mind triggered innovations of new technology such as the smoke detector that saves many lives today.
When people think of comparison and likeness, they rapidly jump to immediate observations and obvious detections. They fail to perceive the more imperative and subtle attributes. Whether anybody knows it or not, everything that inhabits the world and even the universe is alike in at least one way. All of these substances contain matter. Matter is the physical substance which encompasses everything, from dusty nebulas to the food on one’s dinner plate. It can be described as anything that has mass and takes up space. Within this matter are infinitesimal particles called atoms. So far, they are what scientists believe to be the smallest part of anything and can even be synthesized in labs (Oxlade 7.) The knowledge scientists possess of atoms is huge, in contrast to their microscopic size. In fact, modern day scientists would not have even obtained this knowledge if preceding chemists and physicists did not unveil what was covered. They paved the way to the vast expansion of awareness and allowed the atom to be seen in its true form. However, these impeccable discoveries did not spawn from a single human being, but rather from a chronological timeline of coincidental events.
The theory of quantum mechanics has divided the atom into a number of fundamental sub-atomic particles. Although the physicist has shown that the atom is not a solid indivisible object, he has not been able to find a particle which does possess those qualities. Talk of particles, though, is misleading because the word suggests a material object. This is not the intention for the use of the word in quantum physics. Quantum particles are, instead, representations of the actions and reactions of forces at the sub-atomic level. In fact, physicists are less concerned with the search for a material particle underlying all physical objects and more interested in explaining how nature works. Quantum theory is the means that enables the physicist to express those explanations in a scientific way.
In 1899, Rutherford had hypothesized an atomic model, which he described the hydrogen atom as a small, heavy, and dense nucleus. Electrons were placed on the outside of the atom. Neils Bohr proposed his atomic model in 1913. Bohr adapted the Rutherford model by requiring that the electrons exist in different energy levels, but only certain amounts were possible. So the electrons were narrowed to definite orbits. Therefore, Bohr improved Rutherford’s atomic model by saying that electrons travelled in round orbits with specific energy levels. The Bohr’s models main principles are, “1.) The electron in a hydrogen atom travels around the nucleus in a circular orbit. 2.) The energy of the electron in an orbit is proportional to its distance from
Before the turn of the century in 1800, scientists were content to believe that light was made up of tiny particles. Isaac Newton was the first to propose the particle theory of light. He explained that we are able to perceive the objects around us when light particles ricochet off objects and enter our eyes. It wasn’t until 1803 when the English scientist, Thomas Young, first challenged this theory. Instead, Young believed that light was a wave phenomenon just like sound. He developed a new experiment, now referred to as Young’s Double-Slit Experiment, to test his hypothesis. The results of Young’s experiment were extremely important, proving that light has both wave and particle characteristics, called wave-particle duality.
Niels Bohr who is a fellow scientist disproved my model in 1912 since the rules of classical physics determined that the model was unstable. He thought that my atom might fall apart when the electrons gave off energy. In the website http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dp13at.html it presents, “By all rules of classical physics, it should be very unstable. For one thing, the orbiting electrons should give off energy and eventually spiral down into the nucleus, making the atom collapse. Or the electrons could be knocked out of position if a charged particle passed by.” In order to solve the disapproval of the model Bohr used other scientists ideas prove his point and find a solution for the problem. Using Planck’s quantum theory he was able to demonstrate the stability of atoms. Planck’s quantum theory demonstrates how when a black body is heated it releases thermal radiations of different wavelengths or frequency. Bohr was able to develop the ratio of the energy which electron shave plus the frequency of the orbits which was around the nucleus. This was equal to Planck’s constant as it was the light’s energy to its wave frequency. Afterwards, Bohr was able to advocate a theory which suggested that electrons existed in set orbits around the nucleus in which the shells were able to hold a certain number of electrons. As you can see, Bohr
Rutherford is a very popular chemist and physicist. Chemistry was greatly impacted by Ernest Rutherford, mainly through the gold foil experiment, which determined electrons are in empty space while also orbiting the nucleus of an atom.. Being one of the smartest chemists in history and being the first person to split an atom, In 1908 Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize. “(2010). Ernest Rutherford - Famous Scientists. Retrieved January 5, 2016, from http://www.famousscientists.org/ernest-rutherford/.”
Niels Bohr discovered the atomic structure. The concept he believed in was that the physical properties on an atomic level would be viewed different...
...shed together as the plum pudding model suggested. This understanding gave us a greater understanding of new technologies. This model of the atom is widely accepted and used as the basic atomic model. It is used very commonly in early teaching of the atom. Rutherford's model also helped form the understanding of quantum mechanics. Without this understanding of atoms many technologies used very commonly today would cease to exist.
Humans these days take electricity for granted. We don’t truly understand what life was like without it. Most young adults will tell you their life does not depend on electricity, but they aren’t fooling anyone. They all know that their life depends on electricity; whether it’s television, their phone, Google, or the lights in their house. We need to stop taking those things for granted and give credit where credit is due. That is why I chose to write about the scientists who contributed to the discovery of electricity, which then helped modern scientists fuel the electricity phenomenons we now have today.
The question Thomas Young sought to resolve was whether light was made of a stream of particles or waves. Sir Isaac Newton, a strong proponent of the particle theory, showed that a white light beam passing through angled prisms would split into a spectrum at the first prism and become white light again when passed through the second prism. This proved the particle theory by disproving the wave theory, giving support to Newton’s corpuscular (particle) theory of light. However, Christiaan Huygens, a Dutch mathematician, disagreed with Newton's theory and argued tha...