1299. Osman I was the founder of the Ottoman Empire. Though much of the earliest years of the Empire were lost for lack of historical record, so much of his reign, is not known, and what is known, may not be reliable. Osman set the ball rolling for the future of the Empire. His descendants established the province, in his name, into a full blown empire. It is said that Osman had a dream that prophesied his empire having arisen in the future, and expended, because God had graced it. Whether this story is true or not is unsure, but it became the foundation for the Ottomans and their empire. 1302. The first of a long line of battles, and endless Ottoman-Byzantine rivalry started here, at the Battle of Bapheus. The Ottomans had already raided the Byzantine territory before, and were attacking the city Nicaea (their former capital). To defend it the Byzantines sent an army to fight the Ottomans, but lost, losing pieces of land. 1326. …show more content…
This siege lasted six to nine years. It was the first city the Ottomans captured. Osman and his son Orhan led the siege, but a while before the victory, Osman fell ill and died, either shortly before or after Busra was captured. It was named the first capital of the Empire. 1326. Osman’s son, Orhan, succeeded him when the former died. His other son, Alaeddin, decided against dividing the kingdom with his brother, instead becoming his vizier (an official or advisor to the leader). It was around this time, thanks to him, that the Janissary, a branch of the army, was created. These were troops of warriors with different ranks that were paid and trained to fight. For a long time, these troops contained only men from conquered states and countries.
They invaded the city over and over again taking the young children and turning them into slaves and humiliating them in front of the entire city. They wanted to get rid of Christianity completely in a short amount of time. The turks felt victorious every time that they captured a new group. This shows how this time period was at a constant war. There was never peace among cities.
Roman Emperor Constantine I founded the Byzantine Empire in 330 CE as a continuation of the Roman Empire in the east. The characteristics of the empire led to the modern definition of “Byzantine,” which means “strangely complicated.” This was true, as in the Byzantine Empire was very chaotic, complex, and strange at times, but it was very massive and influential worldwide. The empire heavily influenced modern religion, laws, and engineering making it worthwhile learning about the empire.
Between 1301 to 1922, in the region north of present day Syria, was known as the Ottoman empire. It was rooted in the belief that Islam as an ideology should be in power. One territory held by the Ottoman empire was their homeland of Turkey. In 1907, the Sultan Abdul Hamid II, wanted for the most part to have people who were educated outside of the country limited in what they could do, and if not then they were expunged, as he thought that they were the cause of his land’s plight and decline. This resulted in him becoming very unpopular with his people, thus having many secret societies created practically under his nose. The most important being The Young Turks.
had to pick a new leader. He chose the Duke of Medina Sidonia. He was
In the third conflict, Carthaginians tried to save their city and land from being taken over completely by Romans. In these wars, they mainly fought over trade routes in the Mediterranean. Each wanted power and more territorial possession. Crusades (11th Century-13th Century) in the Holy Land The emperor of the Byzantine Emperor was upset with Turks encroaching on his empire. He went to the Pope Urban II and complained.
The lesson is situated in the fourth week, and is the eleventh and second last lesson in the unit outline.
...rule of Amenemhet. He was responsible for rebuilding democracy, staff of scribes and administrations. He used propaganda literature to reinforce his position as king. The Egyptians pictured him as a good shepherd opposed to inaccessible god. Ammon was given prominise over other gods. His kingdom became extremely powerful. He established trades with foreign land and formed a standing Army and built forts on the southern frontier.
Though one should consider the argument by some historians that the Byzantine Empire was really a continuation of the Roman empire and not in fact a new entity. The Byzantine Empire had been formed in Late Antiquity by the splitting of the Roman empire between the two heirs of Theodosius I. While the two halves retained some ties for all intents and purposes the two were independent entities after 395 CE. While the Western Empire continued to decline, the Byzantines actually flourished and by the 4th century included the Balkans, Greece, Anatolia (Asia Minor), the Levant, and parts of North Africa including Egypt. While Byzantium’s power fluctuated, especially during conflicts with the Islamic civilization and during internal wars, for the majority of its history the Byzantine Empire was a strong political, cultural and economic power in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Significant conflicts in the 11th century caused the Byzantine Empire to decline and this decline was made worse by the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Venetian Crusaders. After this defeat, Byzantium was split into two portions and remained so until 1261 when it was reunified. However, the damage was done and internal conflict and civil war continued to plague the Empire until it ultimately was destroyed by the Ottoman Turks in
From its beginning in 330 C.E. to its ruin in 1453 C.E., Byzantium, located in modern day Turkey, was a town like no other of its time. Characterized by its great leaders, resistance to outer threats, and advancements in aspects such as social etiquette and architecture, the empire’s timeline is full of fascinating events. After being put under pressure by many groups and recovering, Byzantium, by this time renamed Constantinople, collapsed to the hands of the Turks in 1453; however, the end of this empire was not able to get rid of its achievements and the impacts it made on features of life today. The primary reasons to study the Byzantines are because of their advanced governmental and defensive makeup, long lasting religious impact on the
They fought ferociously because they hoped for revenge for the Crusades (Doc 1). The fall of Constantinople also resulted in a division of the Silk Road, as Byzantine was located in between Eastern Europe and Western Europe. Therefore, the Silk Road was divided between the Ottomans and Western Europe. This led to a decrease of trade along the Silk Road between Western Europe and Eastern Europe and Asia. The picture from document seven shows the siege of Constantinople.
Byzantine culture begins with the establishment of the city Constantinople by Emperor Constantine in 330 AD. This is considered by some historians to be the beginning of Byzantium, the term for the Eastern Roman Empire. Other historians argue that Byzantium was only established after the fall of the empire in the West in 476 (Loverance 6). The Byzantines continued many Roman traditions, but as time went on, Byzantine culture became more and more distant from that of the Romans.
At one time, the reforms made by the Young Turks worked well, but only for a short time. Overthrowing the tyranny of Hamid should have been enough to help establish a new government, but the triumvirate also became quite oppressive during their reign. Turkism established a new form of nationalism that left out various nationalities, races, and cultures, and this led to the decline of the empire. Following World War I, the empire was faced with so many conflicts, they were unable to remain strong. Even though the reformers set out to strengthen the empire, it is quite possible they are the reason for the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire reached the peak of its power in the 1500s. While other empires were experiencing their downfalls, the Ottoman Empire’s power seemed to be increasing. In fact, this empire can be ranked as the strongest power due to its tactical internal organization of power, minorities, and religion, due to its physical expansion which provided more resources, more advancements, and more people to support the empire, and due to its large military strength that provided security, reduced rebellion, and challenged the other powers.
During the early 700s, the Byzantine Empire was in turmoil and chaos. As Leo III took power, Constantinople was being attacked by Avars, Bulgarians, and Arabs. The Arabs from the Middle East were a main concern for Leo III because of their large conquests in the Asia Minor. The Arabs advanced to spread their faith of Islam and control resources. The Arabs slowly acquired land until their siege on Constantinople itself. Leo III made brilliant defense moves to stop the invaders. His military forces attacked the Arabs from the rear successfully while naval forces were repelled with Greek Fire. Greek Fire was the empire's secret weapon that may have saved them from the Arab siege. Arab ships would burst into flames from contact with the "liquid fire." Fighting continued for a year until the Arabs retreated. Constantinople was defended successfully, but the empire suffered heavy losses and continued to loose land.
The decline of the Abbasids was not a steady of rapid series of events. There were numerous revivals of the Caliphate in which certain strong Caliphs gained more control and influence over the Islamic world than their predecessors had had. However at no point after the death of Harun al-Rahid (reigned 786-809) was the Caliphate ever as powerful. This period is regarded as the Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate and was followed immediately by civil war between his sons. Harun’s two sons were called Al-Amin and Al-Mamun. Al-Amin was the elder and was nominated as the heir to the Caliphate. However Al-Mamun, who was the effective governor of the eastern provinces was ambitious. He was spurred towards seizing the Caliphate for himself by his prominent advisor Al-Fadl. In 810 he declared himself an Iman causing his brother to disinherit and dispatch a great army to snuff out his ever increasing dominance of the Caliphate east of Baghdad. It seemed likely that Al-Mamun would be defeated, his army numbered around 4,000 men but faced 40,000. However he was fortunate in his commander, called Tahir bin Husain, who won him a spectacular victory at Rayy in 811. Tahir proceeded to siege Baghdad in 812. In that year Al-Amin was captured and forced to hand over the office of Caliph to al-Mamun. Al-Amin was executed after trying to escape Baghdad after it had been captured.