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Collapse of the Romanov dynasty
The Romanov dynasty 1917
Reasons for rise and fall of russian absolutism
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The Romanov dynasty was an absolute monarchy in Russia starting from 1613 to 1917, and the Tsars continued to take political power away from the nobles.4 In order to centralize authority in Russia, the Tsars either simply took power away from the nobility or compensated their decrease of political power with increased power over their lands. Because of this, the Tsarist regime had an almost autocratic rule over the nobility which they had gained through serfdom.5 By the long nineteenth century, these relationships were under attack. In the 1825 Decembrist Revolution, military officers tried to push for constitutional monarchy but to no avail.4 Although Alexander II abolished serfdom, the condition of the peasantry remained almost the same.5
In 1900, Russia was an autocracy led by a Tsar who had a total control over the country. The Tsar was Nicholas II. Along with his family and all other nobles, he was very wealthy and lived in luxury. Other wealthy groups of people were: Ÿ Upper class- Church leaders and lesser nobles. Ÿ Commercial class- Bankers, factory workers all known as capitalists.
For centuries, autocratic and repressive tsarist regimes ruled the country and population under sever economic and social conditions; consequently, during the late 19th century and early 20th century, various movements were staging demonstrations to overthrow the oppressive government. Poor involvement in WWI also added to the rising discontent against Nicholas as Russian armies suffered terrible casualties and defeats because of a lack of food and equipment; in addition, the country was industrially backward compared to countries such as Britain, France, Germany, and the USA. It had failed to modernize, this was to do with the tsars lack of effort for reforms. The country was undergoing tremendous hardships as industrial and agricultural output dropped. Famine and poor morale could be found in all aspects of Russian life. Furthermore, the tsar committed a fatal mistake when he appointed himself supreme commander of the armed forces because he was responsible for the armies constant string of defeats.
With the coinciding of a revolution on the brink of eruption and the impacts of the First World War beginning to take hold of Russia, considered analysis of the factors that may have contributed to the fall of the Romanov Dynasty is imperative, as a combination of several factors were evidently lethal. With the final collapse of the 300 year old Romanov Dynasty in 1917, as well as the fall of Nicholas II, a key reality was apparent; the impact that WWI had on autocratic obliteration was undeniable. However, reflection of Russia’s critical decisions prior is essential in the assessment of the cause of the fall of the Romanov Dynasty.
Peter the Great, the Russian Czar, inherited his absolutist power from his brother, Ivan V. Born in aristocracy, Peter’s dad was the Czar, and later his brother, and after his brother’s death, him. He was a firm believer in the possible benefits from the control of a single leader to make decisions for the people, and he exercised this divine right to create many renouned institutions. At the beginning of Peter’s reign, Russia was in a poor condition: many rejected modernization from the Renaissance, and large spending from his brother’s reign caused economic droughts. He took advantage of his absolutist power to help ameliorate Russia’s situation and first decided to minimalize power from the other aristocrats. The subduction of the rich allowed
While most of Europe had develop strong central governments and weakened the power of the nobles, Russia had lagged behind the times and still had serfs as late as 1861. The economic development that followed the emancipation of peasants in the rest of Europe created strong industrial and tax bases in those nations. Russian monarchs had attempted some level of reforms to address this inequality for almost a century before, and were indeed on their way to “economic maturity” (32) on par with the rest of Europe. But they overextended themselves and the crushing defeats of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and the First World War in 1917 lost them the necessary support from their subjects and created “high prices and scarcity” which were by far “the most obvious factors in the general tension”
Alexander II was the Tsar Liberator who, despite unflattering characterization by his contemporaries, undertook one of the biggest reforms in Russian history: the liberation of the serfs. Yet despite such a necessary and seemingly humanitarian reform, his life was abruptly finished by a successful terrorist attack following no fewer than ten unsuccessful ones.
party because of the land itself - much of Russia lay too far north to
The Russian revolution of February 1917 was a momentous event in the course of Russian history. The causes of the revolution were very critical and even today historians debate on what was the primary cause of the revolution. The revolution began in Petrograd as “a workers’ revolt” in response to bread shortages. It removed Russia from the war and brought about the transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, replacing Russia’s monarchy with the world’s first Communist state. The revolution opened the door for Russia to fully enter the industrial age. Before 1917, Russia was a mostly agrarian nation. The Russian working class had been for many years fed up with the ways they had to live and work and it was only a matter of time before they had to take a stand. Peasants worked many hours for low wages and no land, which caused many families to lose their lives. Some would argue that World War I led to the intense downfall of Russia, while others believe that the main cause was the peasant unrest because of harsh living conditions. Although World War I cost Russia many resources and much land, the primary cause of the Russian Revolution was the peasant unrest due to living conditions because even before the war began in Russia there were outbreaks from peasants due to the lack of food and land that were only going to get worse with time.
Tsar Nicholas II was a major symbol of an autocratic government, a centralized government where an individual had all the power, and also failed to solve Russia’s economic and agricultural issues (Doc. 1). The Tsar’s desire to enter WWI also pushed the nation further into experiencing a revolution. Due to his inability to stabilize the country, riots and strikes arose and in the February
First, Russia became absolute monarchy and an empire when Peter I became the first Russian emperor in 1721. From then on, the imperial Romanov Family continued to rule Russia for nearly two centuries; however, the tsarist government became unprepared for the problems that arose from World War I, along with its failure to bring any substantial changes after the Revolution of 1905. With the additional series of military and economic disasters, it caused the aristocrats, peasants, and middle class to become more embittered with the tsarist government. As a consequence, the March Revolution in 1917 represented Russia’s last piece of patience towards the ill fit tsarist regime. The Duma soon then assumed its government responsibility by forming a provisional government and abdicating Nicholas II despite the tsar’s attempts to dissolve the legislative body. However, the dissatisfaction among the Russians continued to grow because the Provisional Government continued Russia’s participation in World War I, hence the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government. With the new control of Lenin and the Bolsheviks, Lenin announced a new Soviet government called the Council of People’s Commissars on November 8, 1917. Unfortunately, the Russians were still unhappy that Lenin still did
But the Tsar had least central control. After the 1905 Revolution the Russian people were granted civil rights, an... ... middle of paper ... ... ressed the Tsars lost support from the nobles and power, after 1905 revolution Nicholas II had very little central control.
Monarchies have been the major system of government in European countries for many centuries. The two major forms of monarchy are absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy. A nation under a constitutional monarchy is governed by a group of elected representatives and the monarch, who is restricted in power by law, acts as a figurehead. This ensures that the citizens of the country have a voice and cannot be controlled by the whims of one single person, which is what occurs in an absolute monarchy. A recurring theme amongst absolute monarchs is that they ignore the natural rights of their subjects, or ignore them altogether. They can do whatever they please because they have complete control over their country and their subjects. Many great empires have fallen due to the corruption of its rulers and in the past one hundred and fifty years, Russia has been no exception. In fact, Russia is one of the most popular examples of absolute power gone horribly wrong and some
What truly makes a powerful and respected monarchy? The Russian monarchy was not just like any other monarchy in Europe. It was not as fearsome as the British monarchy or as elegant France but, they had their own path that they carved for themselves. The Monarchy was first established as an absolute monarchy in 1721 and lasted for over two centuries. The monarchy was actually one of the last ones in Europe to last as an absolute monarchy. The people of Europe were tired of the power hungry kings and queen that oppressed their supposed people. The first wave of this change was the American Revolution that broke away from the British empire. That change then led to the French Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon family that had left their people
In the years leading up to the revolution, Russia had been involved in a series of wars. The Crimean war, The Russo-Turkish war, The Russo-Japanese war and the First World War. Russia had been defeated in all except the war with Turkey and its government and economy had the scars to prove it. A severe lack of food and poor living conditions amongst the peasant population led firstly to strikes and quickly escalated to violent riots. Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia with an iron hand while much of Europe was moving away from the monarchical system of rule. All lands were owned by the Tsar’s family and Nobel land lords while the factories and industrial complexes were owned by the capitalists’. There were no unions or labour laws and the justice system had made almost all other laws in favour of the ruling elite. Rents and taxes were often unaffordable, while the gulf between workers and the ruling elite grew ever wider.
The New Economic Policy instituted by Vladimir Lenin in 1922 was seen as a necessary evil in order to maintain power in the Soviet Union. While most historians agree with Lenin’s assessment and believe that without the change the entire Soviet economy would have collapsed there is a wide range of thoughts on the true effectiveness of the NEP. This paper will look at the progression of the NEP and the differing views Bolshevik leaders had on it as well as the perceived effectiveness of the limited free market policies adopted by these socialist leaders. It will also try to determine if NEP could have remained a viable option for the economy long term.