What is your research question? What is your hypothesis? How are these relevant to Criminal Justice today?
How does committing crimes affect a person’s physical health and do different crimes affect physical health more or less? My hypothesis is, when a person commits a crime, they are adding more stress to their body thereby affecting their health in a negative way. Excess stress, potentially caused by criminal activity, can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and more health problems. By showing there is a correlation between criminal activity and health, it may deter people from committing crimes in fear of hurting their bodies from the inside.
What are your test (independent) and dependent variables? How are they conceptualized? How are they
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It is known that stress can lead to negative health problems in people. I will try to quantify stress in a person similar to a scale of 1-10 after they have committed a crime.
What is the theoretical mechanism that explains the relationship you expect between the independent and dependent variables?
The relationship between my independent and dependent variables are that crimes may directly cause stress levels in a person’s body to raise thereby affecting their overall physical health.
What control variables and intervening variables will be taken into account (HINT: the answer should not be "none")? How do you expect them to affect the dependent variable?
My control variable is the stress of people who have not committed crimes. Their answers will be used as a baseline to see how much crime does affect stress.
An intervening variable is the stress from everyday life. It may cause the dependent variable to be higher than it would if only a crime effected it. I will attempt to ask the subjects about the stress of their regular, everyday life to gain insight on how much the crime actually made them stressed.
At what level of measurement will each variable in your proposal be captured? At what level of analysis will they be
Independent variables There are many independent variables (which can also be called the manipulated variable- the variable that is varied in the investigation), but I will only vary two of them: the height the ball is dropped, The surface material the ball is dropped on will also be changed. Other variables that could be changed are: -mass of ball -air resistance (this may occur when the ball is dropped from greater heights) -ball material -gradient of surface -size of ball -kind of ball -ball density Dependent variables The dependent or responding variable is the variable that occurs due to factors that are changed in the independent or manipulated variables. If the independent variable is changed, this would affect the dependent variable.
Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) argues that strain or stress is the major source of criminal motivation. He expands upon Merton’s Anomie Theory of strain and stress to include several causes of strain or stress. Agnew categorizes 3 types of strain that produce deviance: the failure to achieve positively valued goals, the loss of positive stimuli, and the introduction of negative stimuli. There are several different actions that can be taken to correct the strain in order to curb deviance, including exercise, counseling, and advocacy programs. Furthermore, we will also look at how this relates to domestic violence.
The General Strain Theory scope has an intention of providing a clear explanation for why and why not crime occurs across all levels of society, while maintaining that stress is a major cause of criminal involvement. When people experience negative emotions, such as anger, frustration, or depression, they are in result unhappy and upset, thus experiencing strains or stressors (Ganem, 2010). Crime is then a way of reducing or escaping from these strains, and it is their method of coping with their emotions. According to Agnew, “Strains refer to events or conditions that are disliked by individuals (1992,
Stress is easier to resolve through crime rather than a legal route. For example, if you cannot wait until Friday to get a paycheck, you can easily sell drugs on the corner and earn the money in a fraction of the time with minimal work. Agnew argues that crime is more likely to occur when you experience two or more strains/stressors, or when you experience strains close together in time. The non-stress variables of social bonds and low self-control, but not delinquent associations, as well as trait anger and state depression intercede the effects of strain on crime and drug use, but hypotheses about the moderating effects of these variables receive less support.
Experimental research is the one type of research that allows psychologists to make causal statements. It is where the researcher changes one or more variables that may have an effect on some other variables (King, 2016). The hypothesis is a specific expectation about what is going to happen in the experiment (King, 2016). In the research, the hypothesis was that women would perceive fat talk to be more socially acceptable than men (Katrevich et al., 2014). The other elements of experimental method are dependent and independent variables. The independent variable (IV) is the cause of the results, and it is changed by the experimenter to find the effects, but the dependent vari...
The General Strain Theory (GST) states that people who commit crimes are pressured into them by negative emotions that result from a variety of life strains. Negative emotions cause them to feel in a negative way and thus creating pressure on them to act in a variety of ways, with crime and violence being one possible response. GST has been explored among many different populations, but what has not been explored was its ability to predict crime of murder. The present study focuses on the role that negative emotions play in producing different types of criminal activity and involvement, most specifically, murder.
One of the more common theories often used to explain this trend is general strain theory. General strain theory was first introduced Robert Agnew when he was trying to revise anomie theory from a micro level, social psychological perspective (Akers and Sellers, 2013). According to Agnew’s revised theory, he claimed that, crime and delinquency were often an adaptation to stress. For example, if an individual was in desperate need for money, Agnew claims that this individual would often feel frustrated, angry, or experience a range of negative emotions, which could result in this individual coping with this strain through crime (Cullen, Agnew, and Wilcox,
“When a man is denied the right to live the life he believes in, he has no choice but to become an outlaw.” It was Nelson Mandela who said that, and it embodies the heartbeat of the general strain theory. “According to GST (general strain theory), people engage in crime because they experience strains or stressors. For example, they are in desperate need of money or they believe they are being mistreated by family members, teachers, peer, employers, or others. They become upset, experiencing a range of negative emotions, including anger, frustration, and depression. And they cope with their strains and negative emotions through crime. Crime may be a way to reduce or escape from strains” (Agnew, 2006, p. 2-3).
Several forms of strain, which are linked to criminal behavior are also risk factors and can be seen above. For example, family conflict, failure to achieve economic goals, parenting
(1985) The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. A revised strain theory of delinquency, Social Forces, Volume 64, Issue 1, Pages 151–167 Schiller, N. G., & Jacobson, M. (1984). Stress-induced arson: An example of stress-induced crime.
Many researchers have tried to address the issue of crime, and more specifically criminal behavior. One factor, which causes much debate, is whether body type directly affects criminal behavior. Is it possible to determine who will be a criminal simply by examination of a person’s body type? Researchers like William Sheldon, Sean Maddan, Jeffrey T. Wlaker, and J. Mitchell Miller believe that there is a link between criminality and body type. Others like Chris L. Gibson and Kevin M. Beaver believe otherwise. They support the notion that both biological and social factors cause criminal behavior. Furthermore, they disagree with research that attributes criminal behavior as a product of certain body types. Gibson and Beaver only viewed the factor of body type as a predisposition that gets triggered by the environment (Kelly, 2010, Lecture Unit 1). There are contemporary researchers, like Madden, Walker and Miller, whom are trying to validate the direct relation between body type and criminal behavior. Of course, this debate pertaining to body type stems from earlier research.
Reiki is a Japanese healing practice that engages our bodies’ self-healing process, based on the idea that energy flows through us and when we accept negative thoughts or feelings those energy flows are disrupted. Reiki seeks to uplift these negative energies, break them apart, diminish them, and restore the positive energy flow to the body. Reiki professionals will use physical touch they either glide their hands, skim over a specific spot, gently touching, or hover over the patient’s body. On August 15, 1865 Usui-Sensei was born, he had difficulties learning and his family struggled with money.
3. Quantitative model ? This is needed to assess the impact of every alternative of the
The causes of crime seem to be indefinite and ever changing. In the 19th century, slum poverty was blamed; in the 20th century, a childhood without love was blamed (Adams 152). In the era going into the new millennium, most experts and theorists have given up all hope in trying to pinpoint one single aspect that causes crime. Many experts believe some people are natural born criminals who are born with criminal mindsets, and this is unchangeable. However, criminals are not a product of heredity. They are a product of their environment and how they react to it. This may seem like a bogus assumption, but is undoubtedly true.
4. Question d: Explain the variables you should take into account when assessing page 4