Thoroughbred horse racing is a worldwide sport and industry involving the racing of Thoroughbred horses. It is governed by different national bodies. There are two forms of the sport: flat racing and jump racing. So the study the clinical, hematological and biochemical biomarkers are most useful information that make the race horse such a super athlete and good managed. This study was carried out on twenty one thoroughbred race horses in order to evaluate physical performance and recovery time through measuring the clinical parameters (Heart rate, Respiratory rate, Body temperature and capillary refilling time), hematological (RBCs, PCV, Hb, total and Differential leucocytic count) and biochemical biomarkers ( TP, Albumin, AST, ALT, CK, LDH, …show more content…
Lactic acid, Glucose, Cholesterol, Na, K, Cl and Urea, Creatinine, Ca, P and Mg ). Clinical and blood samples were occurred just before and at 5, 15 and 60 minutes after 1600 meter race. The results showed significant increase in all clinical and hematological and biochemical biomarkers 5 min after end of exercise and returned to basal levels after 60 minutes rest.
The results can be useful index about horse performance, the effect of race on horse metabolism and helpful in management protocols of athletic horses during training under hot climate conditions.The Thoroughbred racehorse is one of nature’s most gifted athletes, capable of utilizing nearly every muscle in its body when at a full gallop. One of the most important roles of research in equine physiology is to obtain new useful information on characteristics that make the horse such a super athlete (Jones, 2005). Perhaps the most important change for an athletic horse is in the cardiovascular system, although during acute and intense training other important modifications arise (Catalani et al., 2007). Exercise, in fact, can induce variations in plasma biochemical constituents (Chanoit et al., 2002) and (Falaschini and Trombetta 2001). The principal method to assess the efficacy of training is to verify the modifications of blood parameters relatively to the …show more content…
effort. Repetitive exercise induces a multitude of physiologic and anatomic adaptations in horse, these adaptive responses act to reduce the effect of the strain induced by the physiologic stressors associated with exercise (Hinchcliff and Geor 2004). In addition to physical modifications such as muscle remodeling, there are changes in blood constituents (Balogh, et al. 2001), and these reflect the metabolic pathways and the functional processes involved in the particular athletic discipline (Piccione et al., 2007). Over the years, evaluation of haemogram and plasma or serum biochemistry was used to assess the health status or function of a range of different body systems and type of energy utilization in the athletic horse It is important to understand the biochemical changes produced by various types of exercises, because they reflect changes in the functions of different systems and in the type of energy utilized (De Miranda et al., 2009). Observed changes in human blood responses to exercise highlighted the importance of monitoring the physiological effects of training in sport conditions according to individual characteristics (Desgorces et al., 2008) (Manna et al., 2009) and (Manna et al., 2010). A training program must account for the proper balance between workloads and adequate periods of rest; its success can be evaluated through the regular monitoring of selected biochemical and physiological markers (Silva et al., 2010). In the horse, hematological and haematochemical parameters were evaluated during trot races (Piccione et al., 2008a) and (Piccione et al., 2009) and during long distance rides (Piccione et al. 2008b) showing significant variations of the markers under study. In Standardbreds the haematological and haematochemical responses to training and competition showed different adaptations according to different exercises (Piccione et al. 2010). Physical exercise can modify the animal's physiologic metabolism.
This is because the different types of training, racing, transport, breed and temperament can produce variations in blood constituents levels (Assenza, et al. 1996). However, only few researches studied the responses during a specific training period (McGowan, et al.,2002). Although the changes occur after exercise were poorly studied so the aim of this research was planned to evaluate the modifications of some physiological and heamatochemical parameters occurring after exercised thoroughbred horse at different interval of rest in order to assess their relationship to the standard
performance.
Submaximal and maximal exercise testing are two analytic methods that can be used to examine the cardiovascular, and cardiorespiratory fitness/health levels of the individual being examined. Submaximal testing is usually preferred over maximal mainly because the submaximal exam is more practical in a fitness/health environment. Both test require the individual being examined to perform controlled exercise on a(n) treadmill/ergometer until either steady state has consecutively been reached (submax), or the individual reaches their max (close to it). Being that both test are set to exceed time limits of more than 3 minutes we examine the use of the ATP-PC, Glycolytic, and Oxidative energy systems. Although a huge portion of the test involves the use of the oxidative energy system, we must remember that the three systems are co-occurrent.
The data collected during this experiment has shown that a relationship likely exists between the rate of muscle fatigue and the time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitive movements. This is likely due to a build-up of lactic acid and lactate as a result of anaerobic respiration occurring to provide energy for the muscle cell’s movement. As the pH of the cell would have been lowered, the enzymes necessary in the reactions would likely not be working in their optimum pH range, slowing the respiration reactions and providing an explanation to why the average number of repetitions decreased as the prior amount of exercise increased.
Training a barrel horse can be lessons because the fastest racers want to be a champion. Training a barrel horse is a timed event where some of the fastest time is what matters the most. (‘Rodeo.about.com”). Speed is what it is all in the training.The riders enters the arena at full speed,quickly rounding each barrel in a clover leaf pattern and then exiting where they entered. Training , is a rodeo sport, it requires the correct equipment,and intense mental and physical training for both the rider and the horse.
Brosnahan MM, Paradis MR. Assessment of clinical characteristics, management practices, and activities of geriatric horses. JAVMA 2003; 223(1): 99-103
In this lab, we explored the theory of maximal oxygen consumption. “Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise” (Bassett and Howley, 2000). VO2max is measured in millimeters of O2 consumed per kilogram of body weight per min (ml/kg/min). It is commonly known as a good way to determine a subject’s cardio-respiratory endurance and aerobic fitness level. Two people whom are given the same aerobic task (can both be considered “fit”) however, the more fit individual can consume more oxygen to produce enough energy to sustain higher, intense work loads during exercise. The purpose of this lab experiment was performed to determine the VO2max results of a trained vs. an untrained participant to see who was more fit.
Depression has a major effect on a person life. The accumulation of hidden emotion could cause difficulty in life. The consequences could be irrational thinking, suffering in ceased emotion or lead to a total disaster. In “Horses of the night” by Margaret Laurence and “ Paul’s case” by Willa Cather, both authors introduce the concept of depression. Although both selections offer interesting differences, it is the similarities that are significant.
In theory, political campaigns are the most important culmination of the democratic debate in American politics. In practice, however, the media shrouds society’s ability to engage in a democratic debate with unenlightening campaign coverage. Because of this, it is difficult—if not impossible—to have educated political discourse in which the whole, factual truth is on display. After years of only seeing the drama of presidential campaigns, the American public has become a misinformed people.
The American horse racing industry has been admired by generations upon generations. Although it is a very cherished sport, like any other sport, there are many issues involved. The major issue that I find is that many owners make the decision to breed when there are other solutions. The Jockey Club, also known as the head council for the American Horse Racing Industry, should be addressing the major issue of overbreeding in the American horse racing industry.
Throughout this essay five points have been presented which highlighted what Erythropoietin is, how it works, what its benefits are compared to its potential side effects and its overall use in professional sport. Its function as a red blood cell producer and regulator are essential to ensure that our muscles, organs and brain have enough oxygen and nutrients flowing into it at all times. The invention of an artificial version of Erythropoietin has ensured a viable treatment for some conditions but has also opened up the possibly of unethical use in sports. The health risks incurred with use of r-HuEPO especially in the long term mean that its risks far outweigh any minor perceived benefit for athletes and as such should only be used for prescribed medical reasons.
For purpose of emphasis and understanding, some background information is needed to fully understand exactly what blood doping can do for an individual. In order for muscles to perform, they need a ready supply of oxygen. During high intensity exercise, oxygen is depleted and the body can not get enough oxygen to the muscle in order for them to perform their optimal potential. This lack of ability to get oxygen to the muscle is called oxygen debt and results in lactic acid being formed. Lactic acid is a waste product of anaerobic cellular respiration within the muscle tissue, which can cause muscle sourness that, usually, is felt after a hard or long workout. Fatigue usually sets in with the onset of lactic acid production. Oxygen is carried to the muscle by two delivery systems. Three percent of oxygen is carried in plasma and ninety-seven percent is in hemoglobin, the principal protein in erythrocytes (red blood cells). If hemoglobin amounts are increased, this will lead to increased oxygen levels that can be transported to the muscles. Allowing the muscles to become more fatigue resistant.
Deficient diets result in weight loss in the horse. Alternate causes of weight loss are internal parasites and diseases. Excess energy intake causes obesity which stresses joints and reduces athletic ability. A horse in moderate physical condition is described as “Back level”. Ribs cannot be visually distinguished, but can be easily felt.
Dating back to over 100 years ago, when yellow journalism depicted its news as a sensationalist, crude exaggeration of what was true (that actually helped lead to a war) it can be stated that the media has had a constant theme of using different tactics and biases to influence their readers/viewers. Horse race journalism is no different. It depicts an election as a horse race, where the focus is not on the candidate’s policy but rather on how the candidates oppose each other. Media uses this framework to show that “the race—not the winner—is the story. The candidate’s image, personality, staff relations, and strategy are the main foci of reporting. Furthermore, with the horse-race metaphor, journalists can generate interest among viewers” (Broh,
In this paper I will be looking at an article called The Over Training Syndrome, which was written in 1994. I will be comparing the information in the article with the content from the week 6 Qualifying Sports Training lecture. This will be done by directly quoting the article, then the lecture and having a short discussion on the quoted point. The four areas of comparison will be; the definition of overtraining, the cause of overtraining, the effects of over training, and the recovery time from overtraining. The goal of this paper is to discuss the advancement in knowledge over the last twenty years in these four points on overtraining.
domestic horses (equus caballus). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(3), 947-951. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809127105
In today’s age, performance enhancing drugs have become more advanced than just some special herbs and spices. Scientists today have found ways to manipulate elements to help provide muscle mass and stamina. Some types of performance enhancing drugs are human growth hormones (HGH), testosterone boosters, anabolic steroids etc. When taking HGH, a person might experience results such as an increase in muscle mass, an increase in bone density, and a reduced fat content in the body (Freudenrich). The same results could be found when you take anabolic steroids. Anabolic steroids have been sought after to athletes and bodybuilders because they increase the size and strength of muscles. They also increase aggressiveness and competitiveness, which can be desirable traits in sports (Helmenstine). On different occasions such as a cyclist or a long distance runner, these athletes will store some of their red blood cells when their hemoglobin is high. The athlete will then train and work as usual, but right before the athlete competes they will transfuse the blood they took out back into their body therefore creating more red blood cells to ...