Snyder’s Hope theory:
Many researchers have agreed that hope is characterized by an expectation that a desired goal will be attained (Averill, Catlin, & Chon, 1990) ; (Bruininks & Malle, 2005) ; ( Farran, Herth, & Popovich, 1995) ; (McGeer, 2004); (Stotland, 1969). In contrast, Snyder presented a unique perspective, which says that hope comprises two appraisals occurring simultaneously: (1) the appraisal that one is capable of accomplishing the means to attain desired goals (agency thinking); and (2) the appraisal that one is capable of creating those means (pathways thinking). In his view, the experience of agency thinking plus pathways thinking is the experience of hope. In a sense, his view suggests that hopeful people believe that they are able to do something to obtain their goals.
Main constructs of Snyder’s hope theory are:
Goals: Human actions are believed to be goal directed. Goals are the targets of mental action sequences, and they provide the cognitive component that anchors hope theory (Snyder, 1994a, 1994c, 1998b); (Snyder, Cheavens, & Sympson, 1997) ; (Snyder, Sympson, Michael, & Cheavens, 2000) ; (Stotland, 1969). Goals can be short- or long-term, but what is important is that they should be of sufficient value to occupy conscious thought.
Pathways Thinking: In order for people to reach their goals, they must view themselves as being capable of generating workable routes to those goals. This process, which is called as pathways thinking, signifies one’s perceived capabilities at generating workable routes to desired goals. Pathway thinking has been found to be characterized by establishing internal messages that are similar to the appellation e.g., “I’ll find a way to get this done!” (Snyder, Lapointe,...
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...perceptions of successful goal pursuit. Perception of successful goal pursuit may result from unimpeded movement toward desired goals, or it may reflect instances in which the protagonist has effectively overcome any problems or blockages. Negative emotions, on the other hand, are the product of unsuccessful goal pursuits. The perceptions of unsuccessful goal pursuit can stem from in sufficient agentic and/or pathway thinking or the inability to overcome a thwarting circumstance. Thus, it is proposed that goal-pursuit cognitions cause emotions. Related to these points, through both co relational and causal methodologies, it was found that persons confronted with undefeatable goal blockages experience negative emotions, whereas successful, unimpeded goal pursuit or successful goal pursuit after overcoming impediments yields positive emotions (Snyder et al., 1996).
Most recent theories on motivation conclude that people will start certain behaviors under the belief that this behavior will accomplish desired goals or outcomes. With Lewin (1936) and Tolman (1932) leading the charge, the goal-oriented behavior led researchers to want to understand more on the psychological value people attribute to goals, people’s expectations on reaching these goals, and the structures which keep people striving to achieve these goals. After some recent findings on goal-oriented behavior, researchers were able to differentiate different types of goals, whereas before researchers assumed that goals that were valued the same, with the same expectations of achievement, would need the same amount
So many people have ideas of things they want to do, whether they be business-related, something that scares them or even just asking someone else out on a date. Everyone has ideas about how they want to live their lives, but most people never wind up following through. They are so afraid of failure or of looking bad that they run from any kind of challenge. Then later in life, when they realize that they had all these opportunities and never took ad...
Many Christians avoid discussions on the afterlife simply because they have absolutely no clue what the future holds. This is a common excuse that Christians give, that nobody can possibly know what is going to happen. However, I believe that this gives Christians easy, reconcilable way of taking the lazy route, not actually giving much thought to the future. Both Christians and non-Christians consistently look to the future to motivate themselves to perform in the present. For example, a student looks to the future where he knows there is a possibility to graduate, which gives him motivation to write a paper for Core 150.
On July 27, 2004, Barack Obama made arguably his most important speech, “The Audacity of Hope”, at the Democratic National Convention Keynote Address. These conventions are for political parties to announce a winner for nomination. All the way through his piece, Obama focuses on connecting Americans and himself to the audience. In fact, at the time, Barack Obama was a US Senate candidate for the United States president, and in making this speech, was offered a window for raising his popularity. Throughout “The Audacity of Hope” speech, Barack Obama implements three main devices to raise his political popularity: repetition, abstract language, and structure.
Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York: Free
Hope has a profound meaning in my life. To possess hope, one must remain hopeful no matter what adversity faced or no matter how hard times may get. Hope is a belief that through any circumstance everything will get better or come out on the good side. Hope is powerful, and in times of uncertainty and hesitation, it is usually the last thing relied on for encouragement; nonetheless, hope can be beneficial with inspiring the soul when odds are against probability. I have seen hope first hand from the people who mean the most to me. From experience, hope gives one the positivity to make it through hard times. Although bumps in the road are inevitable, having hope will keep you from straying from that path.
Arnold is face with so many hardships in his life: poverty, hunger, and bullying, race,
Is There Evidence for the View that We Have an Unrealistically Optimistic View of Ourselves? And To What Extent Does Such a Positive Self-View Makes for a Better Life?
Perhaps one of the most significant ways in which behaviors and perceptions are shaped is through psychological factors such as self-efficacy and locus of control. Self-efficacy, not to be confused with self-esteem, is defined as the belief in one’s capabilities to achieve a goal or specific outcome (Kirk, 2016). Those that possess a strong sense of self-efficacy are more apt to push themselves, rather than back down, when confronted with a difficult task. They also tend to be more internally motivated than those with poor self-efficacy. Locus of control is the
The simple notion that they can achieve something they want allows people to keep finding ways to advance themselves so that they can reach what they want. It also allows people to push themselves so that they can not be complacent with where they are, and show that they are hungry for more success and show that failure is not an option for them. The same study showed that the level of hope for a person can affect their mental health dramatically. They have noticed that people with lower levels of hope have shown weaker work ethics, less social interaction, strong signs of depression, and some have even reported thoughts of suicide.
...n you desire, taking an encompassing goal and breaking it down to smaller specific goals allows you to create a defined map that will promote your progress, one small step at a time, until your dreams have been achieved.
We are told never to cross a bridge until we come to it, but this world is owned by men who have 'crossed bridges' in their imagination far ahead of the crowd. I was watching the Doctor Phil Show the other day, and he was talking about the five reasons for why successful people are as successful as they are. Number one on the list was a plan. A goal. A destination. An ambition. Without an ambition we have no purpose in our lives. In contrast, a goal can help us get organized and take steps towards achieving what we want in our day-to-day lives. My friend Ryan always used to tell me, and still does; “My life's ambition is to be happy with my place in, and contribution to Society.” That might be a nice thought, but is there really a workable goal there? No! “The ambitious man is essentially a visualizer and an actualizer... He can visualize something, and when he visualizes it he sees exactly how to make it happen.” - Robert L. Schwartz A person who aims at nothing is sure to hit it. We were given a brain for a reason, and this is a perfect excuse to use it.
Possible selves represent the future. These boys suffer from a negative self-image and a bleak outlook on their future. Brainstorming about their future selves allows for the boys to get a picture of their hopes and fears about their future. These hope and fears about their future selves are brought to the surface were they can be dealt with. If the boys realistically look at their future and see that there is a hoped for successful future self, this can be used as goal to drive motivation. A motivational link between today and future can formed (in terms of a hoped for self) it can be harnessed to make decisions that can make the future self a reality. The motivational energy can be used for energize and direct actions so that attributes, behaviors, and attitudes can allow the future self to materialize (Reeve, Wiley, 2015).
Locke, Edwin A., and Gary P. Latham. "New Directions in Goal-Setting Theory." Current Directions in Psychological Science 15.5 (2006): 265-68. Print.
The world is made up of optimist and pessimists, and the survival of human beings and our well-being requires a balance between optimism and pessimism. Disproportionate pessimism makes life unbearable; however, too much optimism can advance to dangerously hazardous behaviors. The Optimism and pessimism approach is expecting a positive or negative future outcome, a recognizable way of reasoning is best conceptualized as continuity with many amounts of optimism and pessimism. Successful living requires a great balance between optimism and pessimism. Too much optimism may embolden one to take uncalculated risks that will lead to inadvertent and reckless behaviors, which may conclude in a catastrophe. On the contrary, worrying too much about